This overview page contains a shortened version of all the release notes for TypeScript. Because this page is so big. code samples have their interactive elements disabled.
TypeScript 4.2
Smarter Type Alias Preservation
TypeScript has a way to declare new names for types called type aliases.
If you’re writing a set of functions that all work on string | number | boolean, you can write a type alias to avoid repeating yourself over and over again.
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In TypeScript 4.2, our internals are a little smarter. We keep track of how types were constructed by keeping around parts of how they were originally written and constructed over time. We also keep track of, and differentiate, type aliases to instances of other aliases!
Being able to print back the types based on how you used them in your code means that as a TypeScript user, you can avoid some unfortunately humongous types getting displayed, and that often translates to getting better .d.ts file output, error messages, and in-editor type displays in quick info and signature help.
This can help TypeScript feel a little bit more approachable for newcomers.
For more information, check out the first pull request that improves various cases around preserving union type aliases, along with a second pull request that preserves indirect aliases.
Leading/Middle Rest Elements in Tuple Types
In TypeScript, tuple types are meant to model arrays with specific lengths and element types.
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In TypeScript 4.2, rest elements specifically been expanded in how they can be used.
In prior versions, TypeScript only allowed ...rest elements at the very last position of a tuple type.
However, now rest elements can occur anywhere within a tuple - with only a few restrictions.
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Even though JavaScript doesn’t have any syntax to model leading rest parameters, we were still able to declare doStuff as a function that takes leading arguments by declaring the ...args rest parameter with a tuple type that uses a leading rest element.
This can help model lots of existing JavaScript out there!
For more details, see the original pull request.
Stricter Checks For The in Operator
In JavaScript, it is a runtime error to use a non-object type on the right side of the in operator.
TypeScript 4.2 ensures this can be caught at design-time.
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This check is fairly conservative for the most part, so if you have received an error about this, it is likely an issue in the code.
A big thanks to our external contributor Jonas Hübotter for their pull request!
--noPropertyAccessFromIndexSignature
Back when TypeScript first introduced index signatures, you could only get properties declared by them with “bracketed” element access syntax like person["name"].
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This ended up being cumbersome in situations where we need to work with objects that have arbitrary properties.
For example, imagine an API where it’s common to misspell a property name by adding an extra s character at the end.
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To make these types of situations easier, a while back, TypeScript made it possible to use “dotted” property access syntax like person.name when a type had a string index signature.
This also made it easier to transition existing JavaScript code over to TypeScript.
In some cases, users would prefer to explicitly opt into the index signature - they would prefer to get an error message when a dotted property access doesn’t correspond to a specific property declaration.
That’s why TypeScript introduces a new flag called noPropertyAccessFromIndexSignature.
Under this mode, you’ll be opted in to TypeScript’s older behavior that issues an error.
This new setting is not under the strict family of flags, since we believe users will find it more useful on certain codebases than others.
You can understand this feature in more detail by reading up on the corresponding pull request. We’d also like to extend a big thanks to Wenlu Wang who sent us this pull request!
abstract Construct Signatures
TypeScript allows us to mark a class as abstract. This tells TypeScript that the class is only meant to be extended from, and that certain members need to be filled in by any subclass to actually create an instance.
TypeScript 4.2 allows you to specify an abstract modifier on constructor signatures.
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Adding the abstract modifier to a construct signature signals that you can pass in abstract constructors.
It doesn’t stop you from passing in other classes/constructor functions that are “concrete” - it really just signals that there’s no intent to run the constructor directly, so it’s safe to pass in either class type.
This feature allows us to write mixin factories in a way that supports abstract classes.
For example, in the following code snippet, we’re able to use the mixin function withStyles with the abstract class SuperClass.
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Note that withStyles is demonstrating a specific rule, where a class (like StyledClass) that extends a value that’s generic and bounded by an abstract constructor (like Ctor) has to also be declared abstract.
This is because there’s no way to know if a class with more abstract members was passed in, and so it’s impossible to know whether the subclass implements all the abstract members.
You can read up more on abstract construct signatures on its pull request.
Understanding Your Project Structure With --explainFiles
A surprisingly common scenario for TypeScript users is to ask “why is TypeScript including this file?“.
Inferring the files of your program turns out to be a complicated process, and so there are lots of reasons why a specific combination of lib.d.ts got used, why certain files in node_modules are getting included, and why certain files are being included even though we thought specifying exclude would keep them out.
That’s why TypeScript now provides an explainFiles flag.
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When using this option, the TypeScript compiler will give some very verbose output about why a file ended up in your program. To read it more easily, you can forward the output to a file, or pipe it to a program that can easily view it.
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Typically, the output will start out by listing out reasons for including lib.d.ts files, then for local files, and then node_modules files.
Right now, we make no guarantees about the output format - it might change over time. On that note, we’re interested in improving this format if you have any suggestions!
For more information, check out the original pull request!
Improved Uncalled Function Checks in Logical Expressions
Thanks to further improvements from Alex Tarasyuk, TypeScript’s uncalled function checks now apply within && and || expressions.
Under strictNullChecks, the following code will now error.
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For more details, check out the pull request here.
Destructured Variables Can Be Explicitly Marked as Unused
Thanks to another pull request from Alex Tarasyuk, you can now mark destructured variables as unused by prefixing them with an underscore (the _ character).
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Previously, if _first was never used later on, TypeScript would issue an error under noUnusedLocals.
Now, TypeScript will recognize that _first was intentionally named with an underscore because there was no intent to use it.
For more details, take a look at the full change.
Relaxed Rules Between Optional Properties and String Index Signatures
String index signatures are a way of typing dictionary-like objects, where you want to allow access with arbitrary keys:
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Of course, for any movie title not yet in the dictionary, movieWatchCount[title] will be undefined (TypeScript 4.1 added the option noUncheckedIndexedAccess to include undefined when reading from an index signature like this).
Even though it’s clear that there must be some strings not present in movieWatchCount, previous versions of TypeScript treated optional object properties as unassignable to otherwise compatible index signatures, due to the presence of undefined.
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TypeScript 4.2 allows this assignment. However, it does not allow the assignment of non-optional properties with undefined in their types, nor does it allow writing undefined to a specific key:
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The new rule also does not apply to number index signatures, since they are assumed to be array-like and dense:
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You can get a better sense of this change by reading up on the original PR.
Declare Missing Helper Function
Thanks to a community pull request from Alexander Tarasyuk, we now have a quick fix for declaring new functions and methods based on the call-site!
Breaking Changes
We always strive to minimize breaking changes in a release. TypeScript 4.2 contains some breaking changes, but we believe they should be manageable in an upgrade.
lib.d.ts Updates
As with every TypeScript version, declarations for lib.d.ts (especially the declarations generated for web contexts), have changed.
There are various changes, though Intl and ResizeObserver’s may end up being the most disruptive.
noImplicitAny Errors Apply to Loose yield Expressions
When the value of a yield expression is captured, but TypeScript can’t immediately figure out what type you intend for it to receive (i.e. the yield expression isn’t contextually typed), TypeScript will now issue an implicit any error.
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See more details in the corresponding changes.
Expanded Uncalled Function Checks
As described above, uncalled function checks will now operate consistently within && and || expressions when using strictNullChecks.
This can be a source of new breaks, but is typically an indication of a logic error in existing code.
Type Arguments in JavaScript Are Not Parsed as Type Arguments
Type arguments were already not allowed in JavaScript, but in TypeScript 4.2, the parser will parse them in a more spec-compliant way. So when writing the following code in a JavaScript file:
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TypeScript will parse it as the following JavaScript:
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This may impact you if you were leveraging TypeScript’s API to parse type constructs in JavaScript files, which may have occurred when trying to parse Flow files.
See the pull request for more details on what’s checked.
Tuple size limits for spreads
Tuple types can be made by using any sort of spread syntax (...) in TypeScript.
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Sometimes these tuple types can accidentally grow to be huge, and that can make type-checking take a long time. Instead of letting the type-checking process hang (which is especially bad in editor scenarios), TypeScript has a limiter in place to avoid doing all that work.
You can see this pull request for more details.
.d.ts Extensions Cannot Be Used In Import Paths
In TypeScript 4.2, it is now an error for your import paths to contain .d.ts in the extension.
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Instead, your import paths should reflect whatever your loader will do at runtime. Any of the following imports might be usable instead.
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Reverting Template Literal Inference
This change removed a feature from TypeScript 4.2 beta. If you haven’t yet upgraded past our last stable release, you won’t be affected, but you may still be interested in the change.
The beta version of TypeScript 4.2 included a change in inference to template strings.
In this change, template string literals would either be given template string types or simplify to multiple string literal types.
These types would then widen to string when assigning to mutable variables.
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This is similar to how string literal inference works.
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For that reason, we believed that making template string expressions have template string types would be “consistent”; however, from what we’ve seen and heard, that isn’t always desirable.
In response, we’ve reverted this feature (and potential breaking change).
If you do want a template string expression to be given a literal-like type, you can always add as const to the end of it.
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TypeScript 4.1
Template Literal Types
String literal types in TypeScript allow us to model functions and APIs that expect a set of specific strings.
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This is pretty nice because string literal types can basically spell-check our string values.
We also like that string literals can be used as property names in mapped types. In this sense, they’re also usable as building blocks:
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But there’s another place that that string literal types could be used as building blocks: building other string literal types.
That’s why TypeScript 4.1 brings the template literal string type. It has the same syntax as template literal strings in JavaScript, but is used in type positions. When you use it with concrete literal types, it produces a new string literal type by concatenating the contents.
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What happens when you have unions in substitution positions? It produces the set of every possible string literal that could be represented by each union member.
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This can be used beyond cute examples in release notes.
For example, several libraries for UI components have a way to specify both vertical and horizontal alignment in their APIs, often with both at once using a single string like "bottom-right".
Between vertically aligning with "top", "middle", and "bottom", and horizontally aligning with "left", "center", and "right", there are 9 possible strings where each of the former strings is connected with each of the latter strings using a dash.
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While there are lots of examples of this sort of API in the wild, this is still a bit of a toy example since we could write these out manually.
In fact, for 9 strings, this is likely fine; but when you need a ton of strings, you should consider automatically generating them ahead of time to save work on every type-check (or just use string, which will be much simpler to comprehend).
Some of the real value comes from dynamically creating new string literals.
For example, imagine a makeWatchedObject API that takes an object and produces a mostly identical object, but with a new on method to detect for changes to the properties.
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Notice that on listens on the event "firstNameChanged", not just "firstName".
How would we type this?
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With this, we can build something that errors when we give the wrong property!
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We can also do something special in template literal types: we can infer from substitution positions.
We can make our last example generic to infer from parts of the eventName string to figure out the associated property.
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Here we made on into a generic method.
When a user calls with the string "firstNameChanged', TypeScript will try to infer the right type for K.
To do that, it will match K against the content prior to "Changed" and infer the string "firstName".
Once TypeScript figures that out, the on method can fetch the type of firstName on the original object, which is string in this case.
Similarly, when we call with "ageChanged", it finds the type for the property age which is number).
Inference can be combined in different ways, often to deconstruct strings, and reconstruct them in different ways. In fact, to help with modifying these string literal types, we’ve added a few new utility type aliases for modifying casing in letters (i.e. converting to lowercase and uppercase characters).
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The new type aliases are Uppercase, Lowercase, Capitalize and Uncapitalize.
The first two transform every character in a string, and the latter two transform only the first character in a string.
For more details, see the original pull request and the in-progress pull request to switch to type alias helpers.
Key Remapping in Mapped Types
Just as a refresher, a mapped type can create new object types based on arbitrary keys
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or new object types based on other object types.
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Until now, mapped types could only produce new object types with keys that you provided them; however, lots of the time you want to be able to create new keys, or filter out keys, based on the inputs.
That’s why TypeScript 4.1 allows you to re-map keys in mapped types with a new as clause.
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With this new as clause, you can leverage features like template literal types to easily create property names based off of old ones.
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and you can even filter out keys by producing never.
That means you don’t have to use an extra Omit helper type in some cases.
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For more information, take a look at the original pull request over on GitHub.
Recursive Conditional Types
In JavaScript it’s fairly common to see functions that can flatten and build up container types at arbitrary levels.
For example, consider the .then() method on instances of Promise.
.then(...) unwraps each promise until it finds a value that’s not “promise-like”, and passes that value to a callback.
There’s also a relatively new flat method on Arrays that can take a depth of how deep to flatten.
Expressing this in TypeScript’s type system was, for all practical intents and purposes, not possible. While there were hacks to achieve this, the types ended up looking very unreasonable.
That’s why TypeScript 4.1 eases some restrictions on conditional types - so that they can model these patterns. In TypeScript 4.1, conditional types can now immediately reference themselves within their branches, making it easier to write recursive type aliases.
For example, if we wanted to write a type to get the element types of nested arrays, we could write the following deepFlatten type.
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Similarly, in TypeScript 4.1 we can write an Awaited type to deeply unwrap Promises.
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Keep in mind that while these recursive types are powerful, but they should be used responsibly and sparingly.
First off, these types can do a lot of work which means that they can increase type-checking time.
Trying to model numbers in the Collatz conjecture or Fibonacci sequence might be fun, but don’t ship that in .d.ts files on npm.
But apart from being computationally intensive, these types can hit an internal recursion depth limit on sufficiently-complex inputs. When that recursion limit is hit, that results in a compile-time error. In general, it’s better not to use these types at all than to write something that fails on more realistic examples.
See more at the implementation.
Checked Indexed Accesses (--noUncheckedIndexedAccess)
TypeScript has a feature called index signatures. These signatures are a way to signal to the type system that users can access arbitrarily-named properties.
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In the above example, Options has an index signature that says any accessed property that’s not already listed should have the type string | number.
This is often convenient for optimistic code that assumes you know what you’re doing, but the truth is that most values in JavaScript do not support every potential property name.
Most types will not, for example, have a value for a property key created by Math.random() like in the previous example.
For many users, this behavior was undesirable, and felt like it wasn’t leveraging the full strict-checking of strictNullChecks.
That’s why TypeScript 4.1 ships with a new flag called noUncheckedIndexedAccess.
Under this new mode, every property access (like foo.bar) or indexed access (like foo["bar"]) is considered potentially undefined.
That means that in our last example, opts.yadda will have the type string | number | undefined as opposed to just string | number.
If you need to access that property, you’ll either have to check for its existence first or use a non-null assertion operator (the postfix ! character).
This flag can be handy for catching out-of-bounds errors, but it might be noisy for a lot of code, so it is not automatically enabled by the strict flag; however, if this feature is interesting to you, you should feel free to try it and determine whether it makes sense for your team’s codebase!
You can learn more at the implementing pull request.
paths without baseUrl
Using path-mapping is fairly common - often it’s to have nicer imports, often it’s to simulate monorepo linking behavior.
Unfortunately, specifying paths to enable path-mapping required also specifying an option called baseUrl, which allows bare specifier paths to be reached relative to the baseUrl too.
This also often caused poor paths to be used by auto-imports.
In TypeScript 4.1, the paths option can be used without baseUrl.
This helps avoid some of these issues.
checkJs Implies allowJs
Previously if you were starting a checked JavaScript project, you had to set both allowJs and checkJs.
This was a slightly annoying bit of friction in the experience, so checkJs now implies allowJs by default.
See more details at the pull request.
React 17 JSX Factories
TypeScript 4.1 supports React 17’s upcoming jsx and jsxs factory functions through two new options for the jsx compiler option:
react-jsxreact-jsxdev
These options are intended for production and development compiles respectively. Often, the options from one can extend from the other.
For more information, check out the corresponding PR.
TypeScript 4.0
Variadic Tuple Types
Consider a function in JavaScript called concat that takes two array or tuple types and concatenates them together to make a new array.
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Also consider tail, that takes an array or tuple, and returns all elements but the first.
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How would we type either of these in TypeScript?
For concat, the only valid thing we could do in older versions of the language was to try and write some overloads.
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Uh…okay, that’s…seven overloads for when the second array is always empty.
Let’s add some for when arr2 has one argument.
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We hope it’s clear that this is getting unreasonable.
Unfortunately, you’d also end up with the same sorts of issues typing a function like tail.
This is another case of what we like to call “death by a thousand overloads”, and it doesn’t even solve the problem generally. It only gives correct types for as many overloads as we care to write. If we wanted to make a catch-all case, we’d need an overload like the following:
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But that signature doesn’t encode anything about the lengths of the input, or the order of the elements, when using tuples.
TypeScript 4.0 brings two fundamental changes, along with inference improvements, to make typing these possible.
The first change is that spreads in tuple type syntax can now be generic. This means that we can represent higher-order operations on tuples and arrays even when we don’t know the actual types we’re operating over. When generic spreads are instantiated (or, replaced with a real type) in these tuple types, they can produce other sets of array and tuple types.
For example, that means we can type function like tail, without our “death by a thousand overloads” issue.
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The second change is that rest elements can occur anywhere in a tuple - not just at the end!
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Previously, TypeScript would issue an error like the following:
But with TypeScript 4.0, this restriction is relaxed.
Note that in cases when we spread in a type without a known length, the resulting type becomes unbounded as well, and all the following elements factor into the resulting rest element type.
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By combining both of these behaviors together, we can write a single well-typed signature for concat:
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While that one signature is still a bit lengthy, it’s just one signature that doesn’t have to be repeated, and it gives predictable behavior on all arrays and tuples.
This functionality on its own is great, but it shines in more sophisticated scenarios too.
For example, consider a function to partially apply arguments called partialCall.
partialCall takes a function - let’s call it f - along with the initial few arguments that f expects.
It then returns a new function that takes any other arguments that f still needs, and calls f when it receives them.
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TypeScript 4.0 improves the inference process for rest parameters and rest tuple elements so that we can type this and have it “just work”.
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In this case, partialCall understands which parameters it can and can’t initially take, and returns functions that appropriately accept and reject anything left over.
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Variadic tuple types enable a lot of new exciting patterns, especially around function composition.
We expect we may be able to leverage it to do a better job type-checking JavaScript’s built-in bind method.
A handful of other inference improvements and patterns also went into this, and if you’re interested in learning more, you can take a look at the pull request for variadic tuples.
Labeled Tuple Elements
Improving the experience around tuple types and parameter lists is important because it allows us to get strongly typed validation around common JavaScript idioms - really just slicing and dicing argument lists and passing them to other functions. The idea that we can use tuple types for rest parameters is one place where this is crucial.
For example, the following function that uses a tuple type as a rest parameter…
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…should appear no different from the following function…
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…for any caller of foo.
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There is one place where the differences begin to become observable though: readability. In the first example, we have no parameter names for the first and second elements. While these have no impact on type-checking, the lack of labels on tuple positions can make them harder to use - harder to communicate our intent.
That’s why in TypeScript 4.0, tuples types can now provide labels.
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To deepen the connection between parameter lists and tuple types, the syntax for rest elements and optional elements mirrors the syntax for parameter lists.
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There are a few rules when using labeled tuples. For one, when labeling a tuple element, all other elements in the tuple must also be labeled.
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It’s worth noting - labels don’t require us to name our variables differently when destructuring. They’re purely there for documentation and tooling.
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Overall, labeled tuples are handy when taking advantage of patterns around tuples and argument lists, along with implementing overloads in a type-safe way. In fact, TypeScript’s editor support will try to display them as overloads when possible.
To learn more, check out the pull request for labeled tuple elements.
Class Property Inference from Constructors
TypeScript 4.0 can now use control flow analysis to determine the types of properties in classes when noImplicitAny is enabled.
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In cases where not all paths of a constructor assign to an instance member, the property is considered to potentially be undefined.
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In cases where you know better (e.g. you have an initialize method of some sort), you’ll still need an explicit type annotation along with a definite assignment assertion (!) if you’re in strictPropertyInitialization.
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For more details, see the implementing pull request.
Short-Circuiting Assignment Operators
JavaScript, and a lot of other languages, support a set of operators called compound assignment operators. Compound assignment operators apply an operator to two arguments, and then assign the result to the left side. You may have seen these before:
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So many operators in JavaScript have a corresponding assignment operator!
Up until recently, however, there were three notable exceptions: logical and (&&), logical or (||), and nullish coalescing (??).
That’s why TypeScript 4.0 supports a new ECMAScript feature to add three new assignment operators: &&=, ||=, and ??=.
These operators are great for substituting any example where a user might write code like the following:
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Or a similar if block like
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There are even some patterns we’ve seen (or, uh, written ourselves) to lazily initialize values, only if they’ll be needed.
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(look, we’re not proud of all the code we write…)
On the rare case that you use getters or setters with side-effects, it’s worth noting that these operators only perform assignments if necessary. In that sense, not only is the right side of the operator “short-circuited” - the assignment itself is too.
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Try running the following example to see how that differs from always performing the assignment.
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We’d like to extend a big thanks to community member Wenlu Wang for this contribution!
For more details, you can take a look at the pull request here. You can also check out TC39’s proposal repository for this feature.
unknown on catch Clause Bindings
Since the beginning days of TypeScript, catch clause variables have always been typed as any.
This meant that TypeScript allowed you to do anything you wanted with them.
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The above has some undesirable behavior if we’re trying to prevent more errors from happening in our error-handling code!
Because these variables have the type any by default, they lack any type-safety which could have errored on invalid operations.
That’s why TypeScript 4.0 now lets you specify the type of catch clause variables as unknown instead.
unknown is safer than any because it reminds us that we need to perform some sorts of type-checks before operating on our values.
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While the types of catch variables won’t change by default, we might consider a new strict mode flag in the future so that users can opt in to this behavior.
In the meantime, it should be possible to write a lint rule to force catch variables to have an explicit annotation of either : any or : unknown.
For more details you can peek at the changes for this feature.
Custom JSX Factories
When using JSX, a fragment is a type of JSX element that allows us to return multiple child elements. When we first implemented fragments in TypeScript, we didn’t have a great idea about how other libraries would utilize them. Nowadays most other libraries that encourage using JSX and support fragments have a similar API shape.
In TypeScript 4.0, users can customize the fragment factory through the new jsxFragmentFactory option.
As an example, the following tsconfig.json file tells TypeScript to transform JSX in a way compatible with React, but switches each factory invocation to h instead of React.createElement, and uses Fragment instead of React.Fragment.
In cases where you need to have a different JSX factory on a per-file basis, you can take advantage of the new /** @jsxFrag */ pragma comment.
For example, the following…
tsxTry// Note: these pragma comments need to be written// with a JSDoc-style multiline syntax to take effect./** @jsx h *//** @jsxFrag Fragment */import {h ,Fragment } from "preact";export constHeader = (<><h1 >Welcome</h1 ></>);
…will get transformed to this output JavaScript…
tsxTryimport React from 'react';export const Header = (React.createElement(React.Fragment, null,React.createElement("h1", null, "Welcome")));
We’d like to extend a big thanks to community member Noj Vek for sending this pull request and patiently working with our team on it.
You can see that the pull request for more details!
TypeScript 3.9
Improvements in Inference and Promise.all
Recent versions of TypeScript (around 3.7) have had updates to the declarations of functions like Promise.all and Promise.race.
Unfortunately, that introduced a few regressions, especially when mixing in values with null or undefined.
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This is strange behavior!
The fact that sealExhibit contained an undefined somehow poisoned type of lion to include undefined.
Thanks to a pull request from Jack Bates, this has been fixed with improvements in our inference process in TypeScript 3.9.
The above no longer errors.
If you’ve been stuck on older versions of TypeScript due to issues around Promises, we encourage you to give 3.9 a shot!
What About the awaited Type?
If you’ve been following our issue tracker and design meeting notes, you might be aware of some work around a new type operator called awaited.
This goal of this type operator is to accurately model the way that Promise unwrapping works in JavaScript.
We initially anticipated shipping awaited in TypeScript 3.9, but as we’ve run early TypeScript builds with existing codebases, we’ve realized that the feature needs more design work before we can roll it out to everyone smoothly.
As a result, we’ve decided to pull the feature out of our main branch until we feel more confident.
We’ll be experimenting more with the feature, but we won’t be shipping it as part of this release.
Speed Improvements
TypeScript 3.9 ships with many new speed improvements. Our team has been focusing on performance after observing extremely poor editing/compilation speed with packages like material-ui and styled-components. We’ve dived deep here, with a series of different pull requests that optimize certain pathological cases involving large unions, intersections, conditional types, and mapped types.
- https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/pull/36576
- https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/pull/36590
- https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/pull/36607
- https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/pull/36622
- https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/pull/36754
- https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/pull/36696
Each of these pull requests gains about a 5-10% reduction in compile times on certain codebases. In total, we believe we’ve achieved around a 40% reduction in material-ui’s compile time!
We also have some changes to file renaming functionality in editor scenarios. We heard from the Visual Studio Code team that when renaming a file, just figuring out which import statements needed to be updated could take between 5 to 10 seconds. TypeScript 3.9 addresses this issue by changing the internals of how the compiler and language service caches file lookups.
While there’s still room for improvement, we hope this work translates to a snappier experience for everyone!
// @ts-expect-error Comments
Imagine that we’re writing a library in TypeScript and we’re exporting some function called doStuff as part of our public API.
The function’s types declare that it takes two strings so that other TypeScript users can get type-checking errors, but it also does a runtime check (maybe only in development builds) to give JavaScript users a helpful error.
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So TypeScript users will get a helpful red squiggle and an error message when they misuse this function, and JavaScript users will get an assertion error. We’d like to test this behavior, so we’ll write a unit test.
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Unfortunately if our tests are written in TypeScript, TypeScript will give us an error!
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That’s why TypeScript 3.9 brings a new feature: // @ts-expect-error comments.
When a line is prefixed with a // @ts-expect-error comment, TypeScript will suppress that error from being reported;
but if there’s no error, TypeScript will report that // @ts-expect-error wasn’t necessary.
As a quick example, the following code is okay
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while the following code
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results in the error
We’d like to extend a big thanks to Josh Goldberg, the contributor who implemented this feature.
For more information, you can take a look at the ts-expect-error pull request.
ts-ignore or ts-expect-error?
In some ways // @ts-expect-error can act as a suppression comment, similar to // @ts-ignore.
The difference is that // @ts-ignore will do nothing if the following line is error-free.
You might be tempted to switch existing // @ts-ignore comments over to // @ts-expect-error, and you might be wondering which is appropriate for future code.
While it’s entirely up to you and your team, we have some ideas of which to pick in certain situations.
Pick ts-expect-error if:
- you’re writing test code where you actually want the type system to error on an operation
- you expect a fix to be coming in fairly quickly and you just need a quick workaround
- you’re in a reasonably-sized project with a proactive team that wants to remove suppression comments as soon affected code is valid again
Pick ts-ignore if:
- you have an a larger project and and new errors have appeared in code with no clear owner
- you are in the middle of an upgrade between two different versions of TypeScript, and a line of code errors in one version but not another.
- you honestly don’t have the time to decide which of these options is better.
Uncalled Function Checks in Conditional Expressions
In TypeScript 3.7 we introduced uncalled function checks to report an error when you’ve forgotten to call a function.
ts
However, this error only applied to conditions in if statements.
Thanks to a pull request from Alexander Tarasyuk, this feature is also now supported in ternary conditionals (i.e. the cond ? trueExpr : falseExpr syntax).
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https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/issues/36048
Editor Improvements
The TypeScript compiler not only powers the TypeScript editing experience in most major editors, it also powers the JavaScript experience in the Visual Studio family of editors and more. Using new TypeScript/JavaScript functionality in your editor will differ depending on your editor, but
- Visual Studio Code supports selecting different versions of TypeScript. Alternatively, there’s the JavaScript/TypeScript Nightly Extension to stay on the bleeding edge (which is typically very stable).
- Visual Studio 2017/2019 have [the SDK installers above] and MSBuild installs.
- Sublime Text 3 supports selecting different versions of TypeScript
CommonJS Auto-Imports in JavaScript
One great new improvement is in auto-imports in JavaScript files using CommonJS modules.
In older versions, TypeScript always assumed that regardless of your file, you wanted an ECMAScript-style import like
js
However, not everyone is targeting ECMAScript-style modules when writing JavaScript files.
Plenty of users still use CommonJS-style require(...) imports like so
js
TypeScript now automatically detects the types of imports you’re using to keep your file’s style clean and consistent.
For more details on the change, see the corresponding pull request.
Code Actions Preserve Newlines
TypeScript’s refactorings and quick fixes often didn’t do a great job of preserving newlines. As a really basic example, take the following code.
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If we highlighted the range from /*start*/ to /*end*/ in our editor to extract to a new function, we’d end up with code like the following.
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That’s not ideal - we had a blank line between each statement in our for loop, but the refactoring got rid of it!
TypeScript 3.9 does a little more work to preserve what we write.
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You can see more about the implementation in this pull request
Quick Fixes for Missing Return Expressions
There are occasions where we might forget to return the value of the last statement in a function, especially when adding curly braces to arrow functions.
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Thanks to a pull request from community member Wenlu Wang, TypeScript can provide a quick-fix to add missing return statements, remove curly braces, or add parentheses to arrow function bodies that look suspiciously like object literals.
Support for “Solution Style” tsconfig.json Files
Editors need to figure out which configuration file a file belongs to so that it can apply the appropriate options and figure out which other files are included in the current “project”.
By default, editors powered by TypeScript’s language server do this by walking up each parent directory to find a tsconfig.json.
One case where this slightly fell over is when a tsconfig.json simply existed to reference other tsconfig.json files.
This file that really does nothing but manage other project files is often called a “solution” in some environments.
Here, none of these tsconfig.*.json files get picked up by the server, but we’d really like the language server to understand that the current .ts file probably belongs to one of the mentioned projects in this root tsconfig.json.
TypeScript 3.9 adds support to editing scenarios for this configuration. For more details, take a look at the pull request that added this functionality.
Breaking Changes
Parsing Differences in Optional Chaining and Non-Null Assertions
TypeScript recently implemented the optional chaining operator, but we’ve received user feedback that the behavior of optional chaining (?.) with the non-null assertion operator (!) is extremely counter-intuitive.
Specifically, in previous versions, the code
ts
was interpreted to be equivalent to the following JavaScript.
js
In the above code the parentheses stop the “short-circuiting” behavior of optional chaining, so if foo is undefined, accessing baz will cause a runtime error.
The Babel team who pointed this behavior out, and most users who provided feedback to us, believe that this behavior is wrong.
We do too!
The thing we heard the most was that the ! operator should just “disappear” since the intent was to remove null and undefined from the type of bar.
In other words, most people felt that the original snippet should be interpreted as
js
which just evaluates to undefined when foo is undefined.
This is a breaking change, but we believe most code was written with the new interpretation in mind.
Users who want to revert to the old behavior can add explicit parentheses around the left side of the ! operator.
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} and > are Now Invalid JSX Text Characters
The JSX Specification forbids the use of the } and > characters in text positions.
TypeScript and Babel have both decided to enforce this rule to be more comformant.
The new way to insert these characters is to use an HTML escape code (e.g. <span> 2 > 1 </div>) or insert an expression with a string literal (e.g. <span> 2 {">"} 1 </div>).
Luckily, thanks to the pull request enforcing this from Brad Zacher, you’ll get an error message along the lines of
For example:
tsx
That error message came with a handy quick fix, and thanks to Alexander Tarasyuk, you can apply these changes in bulk if you have a lot of errors.
Stricter Checks on Intersections and Optional Properties
Generally, an intersection type like A & B is assignable to C if either A or B is assignable to C; however, sometimes that has problems with optional properties.
For example, take the following:
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In previous versions of TypeScript, this was allowed because while A was totally incompatible with C, B was compatible with C.
In TypeScript 3.9, so long as every type in an intersection is a concrete object type, the type system will consider all of the properties at once.
As a result, TypeScript will see that the a property of A & B is incompatible with that of C:
For more information on this change, see the corresponding pull request.
Intersections Reduced By Discriminant Properties
There are a few cases where you might end up with types that describe values that just don’t exist. For example
ts
This code is slightly weird because there’s really no way to create an intersection of a Circle and a Square - they have two incompatible kind fields.
In previous versions of TypeScript, this code was allowed and the type of kind itself was never because "circle" & "square" described a set of values that could never exist.
In TypeScript 3.9, the type system is more aggressive here - it notices that it’s impossible to intersect Circle and Square because of their kind properties.
So instead of collapsing the type of z.kind to never, it collapses the type of z itself (Circle & Square) to never.
That means the above code now errors with:
Most of the breaks we observed seem to correspond with slightly incorrect type declarations. For more details, see the original pull request.
Getters/Setters are No Longer Enumerable
In older versions of TypeScript, get and set accessors in classes were emitted in a way that made them enumerable; however, this wasn’t compliant with the ECMAScript specification which states that they must be non-enumerable.
As a result, TypeScript code that targeted ES5 and ES2015 could differ in behavior.
Thanks to a pull request from GitHub user pathurs, TypeScript 3.9 now conforms more closely with ECMAScript in this regard.
Type Parameters That Extend any No Longer Act as any
In previous versions of TypeScript, a type parameter constrained to any could be treated as any.
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This was an oversight, so TypeScript 3.9 takes a more conservative approach and issues an error on these questionable operations.
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export * is Always Retained
In previous TypeScript versions, declarations like export * from "foo" would be dropped in our JavaScript output if foo didn’t export any values.
This sort of emit is problematic because it’s type-directed and can’t be emulated by Babel.
TypeScript 3.9 will always emit these export * declarations.
In practice, we don’t expect this to break much existing code.
TypeScript 3.8
Type-Only Imports and Export
This feature is something most users may never have to think about; however, if you’ve hit issues under isolatedModules, TypeScript’s transpileModule API, or Babel, this feature might be relevant.
TypeScript 3.8 adds a new syntax for type-only imports and exports.
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import type only imports declarations to be used for type annotations and declarations.
It always gets fully erased, so there’s no remnant of it at runtime.
Similarly, export type only provides an export that can be used for type contexts, and is also erased from TypeScript’s output.
It’s important to note that classes have a value at runtime and a type at design-time, and the use is context-sensitive.
When using import type to import a class, you can’t do things like extend from it.
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If you’ve used Flow before, the syntax is fairly similar. One difference is that we’ve added a few restrictions to avoid code that might appear ambiguous.
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In conjunction with import type, TypeScript 3.8 also adds a new compiler flag to control what happens with imports that won’t be utilized at runtime: importsNotUsedAsValues.
This flag takes 3 different values:
remove: this is today’s behavior of dropping these imports. It’s going to continue to be the default, and is a non-breaking change.preserve: this preserves all imports whose values are never used. This can cause imports/side-effects to be preserved.error: this preserves all imports (the same as thepreserveoption), but will error when a value import is only used as a type. This might be useful if you want to ensure no values are being accidentally imported, but still make side-effect imports explicit.
For more information about the feature, you can take a look at the pull request, and relevant changes around broadening where imports from an import type declaration can be used.
ECMAScript Private Fields
TypeScript 3.8 brings support for ECMAScript’s private fields, part of the stage-3 class fields proposal.
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Unlike regular properties (even ones declared with the private modifier), private fields have a few rules to keep in mind.
Some of them are:
- Private fields start with a
#character. Sometimes we call these private names. - Every private field name is uniquely scoped to its containing class.
- TypeScript accessibility modifiers like
publicorprivatecan’t be used on private fields. - Private fields can’t be accessed or even detected outside of the containing class - even by JS users! Sometimes we call this hard privacy.
Apart from “hard” privacy, another benefit of private fields is that uniqueness we just mentioned. For example, regular property declarations are prone to being overwritten in subclasses.
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With private fields, you’ll never have to worry about this, since each field name is unique to the containing class.
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Another thing worth noting is that accessing a private field on any other type will result in a TypeError!
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Finally, for any plain .js file users, private fields always have to be declared before they’re assigned to.
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JavaScript has always allowed users to access undeclared properties, whereas TypeScript has always required declarations for class properties.
With private fields, declarations are always needed regardless of whether we’re working in .js or .ts files.
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For more information about the implementation, you can check out the original pull request
Which should I use?
We’ve already received many questions on which type of privates you should use as a TypeScript user: most commonly, “should I use the private keyword, or ECMAScript’s hash/pound (#) private fields?”
It depends!
When it comes to properties, TypeScript’s private modifiers are fully erased - that means that at runtime, it acts entirely like a normal property and there’s no way to tell that it was declared with a private modifier. When using the private keyword, privacy is only enforced at compile-time/design-time, and for JavaScript consumers it’s entirely intent-based.
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The upside is that this sort of “soft privacy” can help your consumers temporarily work around not having access to some API, and also works in any runtime.
On the other hand, ECMAScript’s # privates are completely inaccessible outside of the class.
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This hard privacy is really useful for strictly ensuring that nobody can take use of any of your internals. If you’re a library author, removing or renaming a private field should never cause a breaking change.
As we mentioned, another benefit is that subclassing can be easier with ECMAScript’s # privates because they really are private.
When using ECMAScript # private fields, no subclass ever has to worry about collisions in field naming.
When it comes to TypeScript’s private property declarations, users still have to be careful not to trample over properties declared in superclasses.
One more thing to think about is where you intend for your code to run.
TypeScript currently can’t support this feature unless targeting ECMAScript 2015 (ES6) targets or higher.
This is because our downleveled implementation uses WeakMaps to enforce privacy, and WeakMaps can’t be polyfilled in a way that doesn’t cause memory leaks.
In contrast, TypeScript’s private-declared properties work with all targets - even ECMAScript 3!
A final consideration might be speed: private properties are no different from any other property, so accessing them is as fast as any other property access no matter which runtime you target.
In contrast, because # private fields are downleveled using WeakMaps, they may be slower to use.
While some runtimes might optimize their actual implementations of # private fields, and even have speedy WeakMap implementations, that might not be the case in all runtimes.
export * as ns Syntax
It’s often common to have a single entry-point that exposes all the members of another module as a single member.
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This is so common that ECMAScript 2020 recently added a new syntax to support this pattern!
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This is a nice quality-of-life improvement to JavaScript, and TypeScript 3.8 implements this syntax.
When your module target is earlier than es2020, TypeScript will output something along the lines of the first code snippet.
Top-Level await
TypeScript 3.8 provides support for a handy upcoming ECMAScript feature called “top-level await“.
JavaScript users often introduce an async function in order to use await, and then immediately called the function after defining it.
js
This is because previously in JavaScript (along with most other languages with a similar feature), await was only allowed within the body of an async function.
However, with top-level await, we can use await at the top level of a module.
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Note there’s a subtlety: top-level await only works at the top level of a module, and files are only considered modules when TypeScript finds an import or an export.
In some basic cases, you might need to write out export {} as some boilerplate to make sure of this.
Top level await may not work in all environments where you might expect at this point.
Currently, you can only use top level await when the target compiler option is es2017 or above, and module is esnext or system.
Support within several environments and bundlers may be limited or may require enabling experimental support.
For more information on our implementation, you can check out the original pull request.
es2020 for target and module
TypeScript 3.8 supports es2020 as an option for module and target.
This will preserve newer ECMAScript 2020 features like optional chaining, nullish coalescing, export * as ns, and dynamic import(...) syntax.
It also means bigint literals now have a stable target below esnext.
JSDoc Property Modifiers
TypeScript 3.8 supports JavaScript files by turning on the allowJs flag, and also supports type-checking those JavaScript files via the checkJs option or by adding a // @ts-check comment to the top of your .js files.
Because JavaScript files don’t have dedicated syntax for type-checking, TypeScript leverages JSDoc. TypeScript 3.8 understands a few new JSDoc tags for properties.
First are the accessibility modifiers: @public, @private, and @protected.
These tags work exactly like public, private, and protected respectively work in TypeScript.
js
@publicis always implied and can be left off, but means that a property can be reached from anywhere.@privatemeans that a property can only be used within the containing class.@protectedmeans that a property can only be used within the containing class, and all derived subclasses, but not on dissimilar instances of the containing class.
Next, we’ve also added the @readonly modifier to ensure that a property is only ever written to during initialization.
js
Better Directory Watching on Linux and watchOptions
TypeScript 3.8 ships a new strategy for watching directories, which is crucial for efficiently picking up changes to node_modules.
For some context, on operating systems like Linux, TypeScript installs directory watchers (as opposed to file watchers) on node_modules and many of its subdirectories to detect changes in dependencies.
This is because the number of available file watchers is often eclipsed by the of files in node_modules, whereas there are way fewer directories to track.
Older versions of TypeScript would immediately install directory watchers on folders, and at startup that would be fine; however, during an npm install, a lot of activity will take place within node_modules and that can overwhelm TypeScript, often slowing editor sessions to a crawl.
To prevent this, TypeScript 3.8 waits slightly before installing directory watchers to give these highly volatile directories some time to stabilize.
Because every project might work better under different strategies, and this new approach might not work well for your workflows, TypeScript 3.8 introduces a new watchOptions field in tsconfig.json and jsconfig.json which allows users to tell the compiler/language service which watching strategies should be used to keep track of files and directories.
watchOptions contains 4 new options that can be configured to handle how TypeScript keeps track of changes.
For more information on these changes, head over to GitHub to see the pull request to read more.
“Fast and Loose” Incremental Checking
TypeScript 3.8 introduces a new compiler option called assumeChangesOnlyAffectDirectDependencies.
When this option is enabled, TypeScript will avoid rechecking/rebuilding all truly possibly-affected files, and only recheck/rebuild files that have changed as well as files that directly import them.
In a codebase like Visual Studio Code, this reduced rebuild times for changes in certain files from about 14 seconds to about 1 second.
While we don’t necessarily recommend this option for all codebases, you might be interested if you have an extremely large codebase and are willing to defer full project errors until later (e.g. a dedicated build via a tsconfig.fullbuild.json or in CI).
For more details, you can see the original pull request.
TypeScript 3.7
Optional Chaining
Optional chaining is issue #16 on our issue tracker. For context, there have been over 23,000 issues on the TypeScript issue tracker since then.
At its core, optional chaining lets us write code where TypeScript can immediately stop running some expressions if we run into a null or undefined.
The star of the show in optional chaining is the new ?. operator for optional property accesses.
When we write code like
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this is a way of saying that when foo is defined, foo.bar.baz() will be computed; but when foo is null or undefined, stop what we’re doing and just return undefined.”
More plainly, that code snippet is the same as writing the following.
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Note that if bar is null or undefined, our code will still hit an error accessing baz.
Likewise, if baz is null or undefined, we’ll hit an error at the call site.
?. only checks for whether the value on the left of it is null or undefined - not any of the subsequent properties.
You might find yourself using ?. to replace a lot of code that performs repetitive nullish checks using the && operator.
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Keep in mind that ?. acts differently than those && operations since && will act specially on “falsy” values (e.g. the empty string, 0, NaN, and, well, false), but this is an intentional feature of the construct.
It doesn’t short-circuit on valid data like 0 or empty strings.
Optional chaining also includes two other operations. First there’s the optional element access which acts similarly to optional property accesses, but allows us to access non-identifier properties (e.g. arbitrary strings, numbers, and symbols):
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There’s also optional call, which allows us to conditionally call expressions if they’re not null or undefined.
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The “short-circuiting” behavior that optional chains have is limited property accesses, calls, element accesses - it doesn’t expand any further out from these expressions. In other words,
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doesn’t stop the division or someComputation() call from occurring.
It’s equivalent to
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That might result in dividing undefined, which is why in strictNullChecks, the following is an error.
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More more details, you can read up on the proposal and view the original pull request.
Nullish Coalescing
The nullish coalescing operator is another upcoming ECMAScript feature that goes hand-in-hand with optional chaining, and which our team has been involved with championing in TC39.
You can think of this feature - the ?? operator - as a way to “fall back” to a default value when dealing with null or undefined.
When we write code like
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this is a new way to say that the value foo will be used when it’s “present”;
but when it’s null or undefined, calculate bar() in its place.
Again, the above code is equivalent to the following.
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The ?? operator can replace uses of || when trying to use a default value.
For example, the following code snippet tries to fetch the volume that was last saved in localStorage (if it ever was);
however, it has a bug because it uses ||.
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When localStorage.volume is set to 0, the page will set the volume to 0.5 which is unintended.
?? avoids some unintended behavior from 0, NaN and "" being treated as falsy values.
We owe a large thanks to community members Wenlu Wang and Titian Cernicova Dragomir for implementing this feature! For more details, check out their pull request and the nullish coalescing proposal repository.
Assertion Functions
There’s a specific set of functions that throw an error if something unexpected happened.
They’re called “assertion” functions.
As an example, Node.js has a dedicated function for this called assert.
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In this example if someValue isn’t equal to 42, then assert will throw an AssertionError.
Assertions in JavaScript are often used to guard against improper types being passed in. For example,
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Unfortunately in TypeScript these checks could never be properly encoded. For loosely-typed code this meant TypeScript was checking less, and for slightly conservative code it often forced users to use type assertions.
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The alternative was to instead rewrite the code so that the language could analyze it, but this isn’t convenient.
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Ultimately the goal of TypeScript is to type existing JavaScript constructs in the least disruptive way. For that reason, TypeScript 3.7 introduces a new concept called “assertion signatures” which model these assertion functions.
The first type of assertion signature models the way that Node’s assert function works.
It ensures that whatever condition is being checked must be true for the remainder of the containing scope.
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asserts condition says that whatever gets passed into the condition parameter must be true if the assert returns (because otherwise it would throw an error).
That means that for the rest of the scope, that condition must be truthy.
As an example, using this assertion function means we do catch our original yell example.
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The other type of assertion signature doesn’t check for a condition, but instead tells TypeScript that a specific variable or property has a different type.
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Here asserts val is string ensures that after any call to assertIsString, any variable passed in will be known to be a string.
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These assertion signatures are very similar to writing type predicate signatures:
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And just like type predicate signatures, these assertion signatures are incredibly expressive. We can express some fairly sophisticated ideas with these.
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To read up more about assertion signatures, check out the original pull request.
Better Support for never-Returning Functions
As part of the work for assertion signatures, TypeScript needed to encode more about where and which functions were being called.
This gave us the opportunity to expand support for another class of functions: functions that return never.
The intent of any function that returns never is that it never returns.
It indicates that an exception was thrown, a halting error condition occurred, or that the program exited.
For example, process.exit(...) in @types/node is specified to return never.
In order to ensure that a function never potentially returned undefined or effectively returned from all code paths, TypeScript needed some syntactic signal - either a return or throw at the end of a function.
So users found themselves return-ing their failure functions.
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Now when these never-returning functions are called, TypeScript recognizes that they affect the control flow graph and accounts for them.
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As with assertion functions, you can read up more at the same pull request.
(More) Recursive Type Aliases
Type aliases have always had a limitation in how they could be “recursively” referenced. The reason is that any use of a type alias needs to be able to substitute itself with whatever it aliases. In some cases, that’s not possible, so the compiler rejects certain recursive aliases like the following:
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This is a reasonable restriction because any use of Foo would need to be replaced with Foo which would need to be replaced with Foo which would need to be replaced with Foo which… well, hopefully you get the idea!
In the end, there isn’t a type that makes sense in place of Foo.
This is fairly consistent with how other languages treat type aliases, but it does give rise to some slightly surprising scenarios for how users leverage the feature. For example, in TypeScript 3.6 and prior, the following causes an error.
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This is strange because there is technically nothing wrong with any use users could always write what was effectively the same code by introducing an interface.
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Because interfaces (and other object types) introduce a level of indirection and their full structure doesn’t need to be eagerly built out, TypeScript has no problem working with this structure.
But workaround of introducing the interface wasn’t intuitive for users.
And in principle there really wasn’t anything wrong with the original version of ValueOrArray that used Array directly.
If the compiler was a little bit “lazier” and only calculated the type arguments to Array when necessary, then TypeScript could express these correctly.
That’s exactly what TypeScript 3.7 introduces. At the “top level” of a type alias, TypeScript will defer resolving type arguments to permit these patterns.
This means that code like the following that was trying to represent JSON…
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can finally be rewritten without helper interfaces.
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This new relaxation also lets us recursively reference type aliases in tuples as well. The following code which used to error is now valid TypeScript code.
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For more information, you can read up on the original pull request.
--declaration and --allowJs
The declaration flag in TypeScript allows us to generate .d.ts files (declaration files) from TypeScript source files (i.e. .ts and .tsx files).
These .d.ts files are important for a couple of reasons.
First of all, they’re important because they allow TypeScript to type-check against other projects without re-checking the original source code. They’re also important because they allow TypeScript to interoperate with existing JavaScript libraries that weren’t built with TypeScript in mind. Finally, a benefit that is often underappreciated: both TypeScript and JavaScript users can benefit from these files when using editors powered by TypeScript to get things like better auto-completion.
Unfortunately, declaration didn’t work with the allowJs flag which allows mixing TypeScript and JavaScript input files.
This was a frustrating limitation because it meant users couldn’t use the declaration flag when migrating codebases, even if they were JSDoc-annotated.
TypeScript 3.7 changes that, and allows the two options to be used together!
The most impactful outcome of this feature might a bit subtle: with TypeScript 3.7, users can write libraries in JSDoc annotated JavaScript and support TypeScript users.
The way that this works is that when using allowJs, TypeScript has some best-effort analyses to understand common JavaScript patterns; however, the way that some patterns are expressed in JavaScript don’t necessarily look like their equivalents in TypeScript.
When declaration emit is turned on, TypeScript figures out the best way to transform JSDoc comments and CommonJS exports into valid type declarations and the like in the output .d.ts files.
As an example, the following code snippet
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Will produce a .d.ts file like
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This can go beyond basic functions with @param tags too, where the following example:
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will be transformed into the following .d.ts file:
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Note that when using these flags together, TypeScript doesn’t necessarily have to downlevel .js files.
If you simply want TypeScript to create .d.ts files, you can use the emitDeclarationOnly compiler option.
For more details, you can check out the original pull request.
The useDefineForClassFields Flag and The declare Property Modifier
Back when TypeScript implemented public class fields, we assumed to the best of our abilities that the following code
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would be equivalent to a similar assignment within a constructor body.
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Unfortunately, while this seemed to be the direction that the proposal moved towards in its earlier days, there is an extremely strong chance that public class fields will be standardized differently. Instead, the original code sample might need to de-sugar to something closer to the following:
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While TypeScript 3.7 isn’t changing any existing emit by default, we’ve been rolling out changes incrementally to help users mitigate potential future breakage.
We’ve provided a new flag called useDefineForClassFields to enable this emit mode with some new checking logic.
The two biggest changes are the following:
- Declarations are initialized with
Object.defineProperty. - Declarations are always initialized to
undefined, even if they have no initializer.
This can cause quite a bit of fallout for existing code that use inheritance. First of all, set accessors from base classes won’t get triggered - they’ll be completely overwritten.
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Secondly, using class fields to specialize properties from base classes also won’t work.
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What these two boil down to is that mixing properties with accessors is going to cause issues, and so will re-declaring properties with no initializers.
To detect the issue around accessors, TypeScript 3.7 will now emit get/set accessors in .d.ts files so that in TypeScript can check for overridden accessors.
Code that’s impacted by the class fields change can get around the issue by converting field initializers to assignments in constructor bodies.
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To help mitigate the second issue, you can either add an explicit initializer or add a declare modifier to indicate that a property should have no emit.
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Currently useDefineForClassFields is only available when targeting ES5 and upwards, since Object.defineProperty doesn’t exist in ES3.
To achieve similar checking for issues, you can create a separate project that targets ES5 and uses noEmit to avoid a full build.
For more information, you can take a look at the original pull request for these changes.
We strongly encourage users to try the useDefineForClassFields flag and report back on our issue tracker or in the comments below.
This includes feedback on difficulty of adopting the flag so we can understand how we can make migration easier.
Build-Free Editing with Project References
TypeScript’s project references provide us with an easy way to break codebases up to give us faster compiles. Unfortunately, editing a project whose dependencies hadn’t been built (or whose output was out of date) meant that the editing experience wouldn’t work well.
In TypeScript 3.7, when opening a project with dependencies, TypeScript will automatically use the source .ts/.tsx files instead.
This means projects using project references will now see an improved editing experience where semantic operations are up-to-date and “just work”.
You can disable this behavior with the compiler option disableSourceOfProjectReferenceRedirect which may be appropriate when working in very large projects where this change may impact editing performance.
You can read up more about this change by reading up on its pull request.
Uncalled Function Checks
A common and dangerous error is to forget to invoke a function, especially if the function has zero arguments or is named in a way that implies it might be a property rather than a function.
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Here, we forgot to call isAdministrator, and the code incorrectly allows non-adminstrator users to edit the configuration!
In TypeScript 3.7, this is identified as a likely error:
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This check is a breaking change, but for that reason the checks are very conservative.
This error is only issued in if conditions, and it is not issued on optional properties, if strictNullChecks is off, or if the function is later called within the body of the if:
ts
If you intended to test the function without calling it, you can correct the definition of it to include undefined/null, or use !! to write something like if (!!user.isAdministrator) to indicate that the coercion is intentional.
We owe a big thanks to GitHub user @jwbay who took the initiative to create a proof-of-concept and iterated to provide us with with the current version.
// @ts-nocheck in TypeScript Files
TypeScript 3.7 allows us to add // @ts-nocheck comments to the top of TypeScript files to disable semantic checks.
Historically this comment was only respected in JavaScript source files in the presence of checkJs, but we’ve expanded support to TypeScript files to make migrations easier for all users.
Semicolon Formatter Option
TypeScript’s built-in formatter now supports semicolon insertion and removal at locations where a trailing semicolon is optional due to JavaScript’s automatic semicolon insertion (ASI) rules. The setting is available now in Visual Studio Code Insiders, and will be available in Visual Studio 16.4 Preview 2 in the Tools Options menu.
Choosing a value of “insert” or “remove” also affects the format of auto-imports, extracted types, and other generated code provided by TypeScript services. Leaving the setting on its default value of “ignore” makes generated code match the semicolon preference detected in the current file.
3.7 Breaking Changes
DOM Changes
Types in lib.dom.d.ts have been updated.
These changes are largely correctness changes related to nullability, but impact will ultimately depend on your codebase.
Class Field Mitigations
As mentioned above, TypeScript 3.7 emits get/set accessors in .d.ts files which can cause breaking changes for consumers on older versions of TypeScript like 3.5 and prior.
TypeScript 3.6 users will not be impacted, since that version was future-proofed for this feature.
While not a breakage per se, opting in to the useDefineForClassFields flag can cause breakage when:
- overriding an accessor in a derived class with a property declaration
- re-declaring a property declaration with no initializer
To understand the full impact, read the section above on the useDefineForClassFields flag.
Function Truthy Checks
As mentioned above, TypeScript now errors when functions appear to be uncalled within if statement conditions.
An error is issued when a function type is checked in if conditions unless any of the following apply:
- the checked value comes from an optional property
strictNullChecksis disabled- the function is later called within the body of the
if
Local and Imported Type Declarations Now Conflict
Due to a bug, the following construct was previously allowed in TypeScript:
ts
Here, SomeType appears to originate in both the import declaration and the local interface declaration.
Perhaps surprisingly, inside the module, SomeType refers exclusively to the imported definition, and the local declaration SomeType is only usable when imported from another file.
This is very confusing and our review of the very small number of cases of code like this in the wild showed that developers usually thought something different was happening.
In TypeScript 3.7, this is now correctly identified as a duplicate identifier error. The correct fix depends on the original intent of the author and should be addressed on a case-by-case basis. Usually, the naming conflict is unintentional and the best fix is to rename the imported type. If the intent was to augment the imported type, a proper module augmentation should be written instead.
3.7 API Changes
To enable the recursive type alias patterns described above, the typeArguments property has been removed from the TypeReference interface. Users should instead use the getTypeArguments function on TypeChecker instances.
TypeScript 3.6
Stricter Generators
TypeScript 3.6 introduces stricter checking for iterators and generator functions. In earlier versions, users of generators had no way to differentiate whether a value was yielded or returned from a generator.
ts
Additionally, generators just assumed the type of yield was always any.
ts
In TypeScript 3.6, the checker now knows that the correct type for curr.value should be string in our first example, and will correctly error on our call to next() in our last example.
This is thanks to some changes in the Iterator and IteratorResult type declarations to include a few new type parameters, and to a new type that TypeScript uses to represent generators called the Generator type.
The Iterator type now allows users to specify the yielded type, the returned type, and the type that next can accept.
ts
Building on that work, the new Generator type is an Iterator that always has both the return and throw methods present, and is also iterable.
ts
To allow differentiation between returned values and yielded values, TypeScript 3.6 converts the IteratorResult type to a discriminated union type:
ts
In short, what this means is that you’ll be able to appropriately narrow down values from iterators when dealing with them directly.
To correctly represent the types that can be passed in to a generator from calls to next(), TypeScript 3.6 also infers certain uses of yield within the body of a generator function.
ts
If you’d prefer to be explicit, you can also enforce the type of values that can be returned, yielded, and evaluated from yield expressions using an explicit return type.
Below, next() can only be called with booleans, and depending on the value of done, value is either a string or a number.
ts
For more details on the change, see the pull request here.
More Accurate Array Spread
In pre-ES2015 targets, the most faithful emit for constructs like for/of loops and array spreads can be a bit heavy.
For this reason, TypeScript uses a simpler emit by default that only supports array types, and supports iterating on other types using the downlevelIteration flag.
The looser default without downlevelIteration works fairly well; however, there were some common cases where the transformation of array spreads had observable differences.
For example, the following array containing a spread
ts
can be rewritten as the following array literal
js
However, TypeScript would instead transform the original code into this code:
ts
which is slightly different.
Array(5) produces an array with a length of 5, but with no defined property slots.
TypeScript 3.6 introduces a new __spreadArrays helper to accurately model what happens in ECMAScript 2015 in older targets outside of downlevelIteration.
__spreadArrays is also available in tslib.
For more information, see the relevant pull request.
Improved UX Around Promises
TypeScript 3.6 introduces some improvements for when Promises are mis-handled.
For example, it’s often very common to forget to .then() or await the contents of a Promise before passing it to another function.
TypeScript’s error messages are now specialized, and inform the user that perhaps they should consider using the await keyword.
ts
It’s also common to try to access a method before await-ing or .then()-ing a Promise.
This is another example, among many others, where we’re able to do better.
ts
For more details, see the originating issue, as well as the pull requests that link back to it.
Better Unicode Support for Identifiers
TypeScript 3.6 contains better support for Unicode characters in identifiers when emitting to ES2015 and later targets.
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import.meta Support in SystemJS
TypeScript 3.6 supports transforming import.meta to context.meta when your module target is set to system.
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get and set Accessors Are Allowed in Ambient Contexts
In previous versions of TypeScript, the language didn’t allow get and set accessors in ambient contexts (like in declare-d classes, or in .d.ts files in general).
The rationale was that accessors weren’t distinct from properties as far as writing and reading to these properties;
however, because ECMAScript’s class fields proposal may have differing behavior from in existing versions of TypeScript, we realized we needed a way to communicate this different behavior to provide appropriate errors in subclasses.
As a result, users can write getters and setters in ambient contexts in TypeScript 3.6.
ts
In TypeScript 3.7, the compiler itself will take advantage of this feature so that generated .d.ts files will also emit get/set accessors.
Ambient Classes and Functions Can Merge
In previous versions of TypeScript, it was an error to merge classes and functions under any circumstances.
Now, ambient classes and functions (classes/functions with the declare modifier, or in .d.ts files) can merge.
This means that now you can write the following:
ts
instead of needing to use
ts
One advantage of this is that the callable constructor pattern can be easily expressed while also allowing namespaces to merge with these declarations (since var declarations can’t merge with namespaces).
In TypeScript 3.7, the compiler will take advantage of this feature so that .d.ts files generated from .js files can appropriately capture both the callability and constructability of a class-like function.
For more details, see the original PR on GitHub.
APIs to Support --build and --incremental
TypeScript 3.0 introduced support for referencing other and building them incrementally using the --build flag.
Additionally, TypeScript 3.4 introduced the incremental flag for saving information about previous compilations to only rebuild certain files.
These flags were incredibly useful for structuring projects more flexibly and speeding builds up.
Unfortunately, using these flags didn’t work with 3rd party build tools like Gulp and Webpack.
TypeScript 3.6 now exposes two sets of APIs to operate on project references and incremental program building.
For creating incremental builds, users can leverage the createIncrementalProgram and createIncrementalCompilerHost APIs.
Users can also re-hydrate old program instances from .tsbuildinfo files generated by this API using the newly exposed readBuilderProgram function, which is only meant to be used as for creating new programs (i.e. you can’t modify the returned instance - it’s only meant to be used for the oldProgram parameter in other create*Program functions).
For leveraging project references, a new createSolutionBuilder function has been exposed, which returns an instance of the new type SolutionBuilder.
For more details on these APIs, you can see the original pull request.
Semicolon-Aware Code Edits
Editors like Visual Studio and Visual Studio Code can automatically apply quick fixes, refactorings, and other transformations like automatically importing values from other modules. These transformations are powered by TypeScript, and older versions of TypeScript unconditionally added semicolons to the end of every statement; unfortunately, this disagreed with many users’ style guidelines, and many users were displeased with the editor inserting semicolons.
TypeScript is now smart enough to detect whether your file uses semicolons when applying these sorts of edits. If your file generally lacks semicolons, TypeScript won’t add one.
For more details, see the corresponding pull request.
Smarter Auto-Import Syntax
JavaScript has a lot of different module syntaxes or conventions: the one in the ECMAScript standard, the one Node already supports (CommonJS), AMD, System.js, and more!
For the most part, TypeScript would default to auto-importing using ECMAScript module syntax, which was often inappropriate in certain TypeScript projects with different compiler settings, or in Node projects with plain JavaScript and require calls.
TypeScript 3.6 is now a bit smarter about looking at your existing imports before deciding on how to auto-import other modules. You can see more details in the original pull request here.
await Completions on Promises
New TypeScript Playground
The TypeScript playground has received a much-needed refresh with handy new functionality! The new playground is largely a fork of Artem Tyurin’s TypeScript playground which community members have been using more and more. We owe Artem a big thanks for helping out here!
The new playground now supports many new options including:
- The
targetoption (allowing users to switch out ofes5toes3,es2015,esnext, etc.) - All the strictness flags (including just
strict) - Support for plain JavaScript files (using
allowJSand optionallycheckJs)
These options also persist when sharing links to playground samples, allowing users to more reliably share examples without having to tell the recipient “oh, don’t forget to turn on the noImplicitAny option!“.
In the near future, we’re going to be refreshing the playground samples, adding JSX support, and polishing automatic type acquisition, meaning that you’ll be able to see the same experience on the playground as you’d get in your personal editor.
As we improve the playground and the website, we welcome feedback and pull requests on GitHub!
TypeScript 3.5
Speed improvements
TypeScript 3.5 introduces several optimizations around type-checking and incremental builds.
Type-checking speed-ups
TypeScript 3.5 contains certain optimizations over TypeScript 3.4 for type-checking more efficiently. These improvements are significantly more pronounced in editor scenarios where type-checking drives operations like code completion lists.
--incremental improvements
TypeScript 3.5 improves on 3.4’s incremental build mode, by saving information about how the state of the world was calculated - compiler settings, why files were looked up, where files were found, etc.
In scenarios involving hundreds of projects using TypeScript’s project references in --build mode, we’ve found that the amount of time rebuilding can be reduced by as much as 68% compared to TypeScript 3.4!
For more details, you can see the pull requests to
The Omit helper type
TypeScript 3.5 introduces the new Omit helper type, which creates a new type with some properties dropped from the original.
ts
Here we were able to copy over all the properties of Person except for location using the Omit helper.
For more details, see the pull request on GitHub to add Omit, as well as the change to use Omit for object rest.
Improved excess property checks in union types
In TypeScript 3.4 and earlier, certain excess properties were allowed in situations where they really shouldn’t have been.
For instance, TypeScript 3.4 permitted the incorrect name property in the object literal even though its types don’t match between Point and Label.
ts
Previously, a non-disciminated union wouldn’t have any excess property checking done on its members, and as a result, the incorrectly typed name property slipped by.
In TypeScript 3.5, the type-checker at least verifies that all the provided properties belong to some union member and have the appropriate type, meaning that the sample above correctly issues an error.
Note that partial overlap is still permitted as long as the property types are valid.
ts
The --allowUmdGlobalAccess flag
In TypeScript 3.5, you can now reference UMD global declarations like
from anywhere - even modules - using the new allowUmdGlobalAccess flag.
This mode adds flexibility for mixing and matching the way 3rd party libraries, where globals that libraries declare can always be consumed, even from within modules.
For more details, see the pull request on GitHub.
Smarter union type checking
In TypeScript 3.4 and prior, the following example would fail:
ts
That’s because S isn’t assignable to { done: false, value: number } nor { done: true, value: number }.
Why?
Because the done property in S isn’t specific enough - it’s boolean whereas each constituent of T has a done property that’s specifically true or false.
That’s what we meant by each constituent type being checked in isolation: TypeScript doesn’t just union each property together and see if S is assignable to that.
If it did, some bad code could get through like the following:
ts
However, this was a bit overly strict for the original example.
If you figure out the precise type of any possible value of S, you can actually see that it matches the types in T exactly.
In TypeScript 3.5, when assigning to types with discriminant properties like in T, the language actually will go further and decompose types like S into a union of every possible inhabitant type.
In this case, since boolean is a union of true and false, S will be viewed as a union of { done: false, value: number } and { done: true, value: number }.
For more details, you can see the original pull request on GitHub.
Higher order type inference from generic constructors
In TypeScript 3.4, we improved inference for when generic functions that return functions like so:
ts
took other generic functions as arguments, like so:
ts
Instead of a relatively useless type like (x: {}) => Box<{}[]>, which older versions of the language would infer, TypeScript 3.4’s inference allows newFn to be generic.
Its new type is <T>(x: T) => Box<T[]>.
TypeScript 3.5 generalizes this behavior to work on constructor functions as well.
ts
In addition to compositional patterns like the above, this new inference on generic constructors means that functions that operate on class components in certain UI libraries like React can more correctly operate on generic class components.
ts
To learn more, check out the original pull request on GitHub.
TypeScript 3.4
Faster subsequent builds with the --incremental flag
TypeScript 3.4 introduces a new flag called incremental which tells TypeScript to save information about the project graph from the last compilation.
The next time TypeScript is invoked with incremental, it will use that information to detect the least costly way to type-check and emit changes to your project.
By default with these settings, when we run tsc, TypeScript will look for a file called .tsbuildinfo in the output directory (./lib).
If ./lib/.tsbuildinfo doesn’t exist, it’ll be generated.
But if it does, tsc will try to use that file to incrementally type-check and update our output files.
These .tsbuildinfo files can be safely deleted and don’t have any impact on our code at runtime - they’re purely used to make compilations faster.
We can also name them anything that we want, and place them anywhere we want using the tsBuildInfoFile option.
Composite projects
Part of the intent with composite projects (tsconfig.jsons with composite set to true) is that references between different projects can be built incrementally.
As such, composite projects will always produce .tsbuildinfo files.
outFile
When outFile is used, the build information file’s name will be based on the output file’s name.
As an example, if our output JavaScript file is ./output/foo.js, then under the incremental flag, TypeScript will generate the file ./output/foo.tsbuildinfo.
As above, this can be controlled with the tsBuildInfoFile option.
Higher order type inference from generic functions
TypeScript 3.4 can now produce generic function types when inference from other generic functions produces free type variables for inferences. This means many function composition patterns now work better in 3.4.
To get more specific, let’s build up some motivation and consider the following compose function:
ts
compose takes two other functions:
fwhich takes some argument (of typeA) and returns a value of typeBgwhich takes an argument of typeB(the typefreturned), and returns a value of typeC
compose then returns a function which feeds its argument through f and then g.
When calling this function, TypeScript will try to figure out the types of A, B, and C through a process called type argument inference.
This inference process usually works pretty well:
ts
The inference process is fairly straightforward here because getDisplayName and getLength use types that can easily be referenced.
However, in TypeScript 3.3 and earlier, generic functions like compose didn’t work so well when passed other generic functions.
ts
In older versions, TypeScript would infer the empty object type ({}) when inferring from other type variables like T and U.
During type argument inference in TypeScript 3.4, for a call to a generic function that returns a function type, TypeScript will, as appropriate, propagate type parameters from generic function arguments onto the resulting function type.
In other words, instead of producing the type
TypeScript 3.4 produces the type
ts
Notice that T has been propagated from makeArray into the resulting type’s type parameter list.
This means that genericity from compose’s arguments has been preserved and our makeBoxedArray sample will just work!
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For more details, you can read more at the original change.
Improvements for ReadonlyArray and readonly tuples
TypeScript 3.4 makes it a little bit easier to use read-only array-like types.
A new syntax for ReadonlyArray
The ReadonlyArray type describes Arrays that can only be read from.
Any variable with a reference to a ReadonlyArray can’t add, remove, or replace any elements of the array.
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While it’s good practice to use ReadonlyArray over Array when no mutation is intended, it’s often been a pain given that arrays have a nicer syntax.
Specifically, number[] is a shorthand version of Array<number>, just as Date[] is a shorthand for Array<Date>.
TypeScript 3.4 introduces a new syntax for ReadonlyArray using a new readonly modifier for array types.
ts
readonly tuples
TypeScript 3.4 also introduces new support for readonly tuples.
We can prefix any tuple type with the readonly keyword to make it a readonly tuple, much like we now can with array shorthand syntax.
As you might expect, unlike ordinary tuples whose slots could be written to, readonly tuples only permit reading from those positions.
ts
The same way that ordinary tuples are types that extend from Array - a tuple with elements of type T1, T2, … Tn extends from Array< T1 | T2 | … Tn > - readonly tuples are types that extend from ReadonlyArray. So a readonly tuple with elements T1, T2, … Tn extends from ReadonlyArray< T1 | T2 | … Tn >.
readonly mapped type modifiers and readonly arrays
In earlier versions of TypeScript, we generalized mapped types to operate differently on array-like types.
This meant that a mapped type like Boxify could work on arrays and tuples alike.
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Unfortunately, mapped types like the Readonly utility type were effectively no-ops on array and tuple types.
ts
In TypeScript 3.4, the readonly modifier in a mapped type will automatically convert array-like types to their corresponding readonly counterparts.
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Similarly, you could write a utility type like Writable mapped type that strips away readonly-ness, and that would convert readonly array containers back to their mutable equivalents.
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Caveats
Despite its appearance, the readonly type modifier can only be used for syntax on array types and tuple types.
It is not a general-purpose type operator.
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You can see more details in the pull request.
const assertions
TypeScript 3.4 introduces a new construct for literal values called const assertions.
Its syntax is a type assertion with const in place of the type name (e.g. 123 as const).
When we construct new literal expressions with const assertions, we can signal to the language that
- no literal types in that expression should be widened (e.g. no going from
"hello"tostring) - object literals get
readonlyproperties - array literals become
readonlytuples
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Outside of .tsx files, the angle bracket assertion syntax can also be used.
ts
This feature means that types that would otherwise be used just to hint immutability to the compiler can often be omitted.
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Notice the above needed no type annotations.
The const assertion allowed TypeScript to take the most specific type of the expression.
This can even be used to enable enum-like patterns in plain JavaScript code if you choose not to use TypeScript’s enum construct.
ts
Caveats
One thing to note is that const assertions can only be applied immediately on simple literal expressions.
ts
Another thing to keep in mind is that const contexts don’t immediately convert an expression to be fully immutable.
ts
For more details, you can check out the respective pull request.
Type-checking for globalThis
TypeScript 3.4 introduces support for type-checking ECMAScript’s new globalThis - a global variable that, well, refers to the global scope.
Unlike the above solutions, globalThis provides a standard way for accessing the global scope which can be used across different environments.
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Note that global variables declared with let and const don’t show up on globalThis.
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It’s also important to note that TypeScript doesn’t transform references to globalThis when compiling to older versions of ECMAScript.
As such, unless you’re targeting evergreen browsers (which already support globalThis), you may want to use an appropriate polyfill instead.
For more details on the implementation, see the feature’s pull request.
TypeScript 3.3
Improved behavior for calling union types
In prior versions of TypeScript, unions of callable types could only be invoked if they had identical parameter lists.
ts
However, in the above example, both FruitEaters and ColorConsumers should be able to take the string "orange", and return either a number or a string.
In TypeScript 3.3, this is no longer an error.
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In TypeScript 3.3, the parameters of these signatures are intersected together to create a new signature.
In the example above, the parameters fruit and color are intersected together to a new parameter of type Fruit & Color.
Fruit & Color is really the same as ("apple" | "orange") & ("red" | "orange") which is equivalent to ("apple" & "red") | ("apple" & "orange") | ("orange" & "red") | ("orange" & "orange").
Each of those impossible intersections reduces to never, and we’re left with "orange" & "orange" which is just "orange".
Caveats
This new behavior only kicks in when at most one type in the union has multiple overloads, and at most one type in the union has a generic signature.
That means methods on number[] | string[] like map (which is generic) still won’t be callable.
On the other hand, methods like forEach will now be callable, but under noImplicitAny there may be some issues.
ts
This is still strictly more capable in TypeScript 3.3, and adding an explicit type annotation will work.
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Incremental file watching for composite projects in --build --watch
TypeScript 3.0 introduced a new feature for structuring builds called “composite projects”.
Part of the goal here was to ensure users could break up large projects into smaller parts that build quickly and preserve project structure, without compromising the existing TypeScript experience.
Thanks to composite projects, TypeScript can use --build mode to recompile only the set of projects and dependencies.
You can think of this as optimizing inter-project builds.
TypeScript 2.7 also introduced --watch mode builds via a new incremental “builder” API.
In a similar vein, the entire idea is that this mode only re-checks and re-emits changed files or files whose dependencies might impact type-checking.
You can think of this as optimizing intra-project builds.
Prior to 3.3, building composite projects using --build --watch actually didn’t use this incremental file watching infrastructure.
An update in one project under --build --watch mode would force a full build of that project, rather than determining which files within that project were affected.
In TypeScript 3.3, --build mode’s --watch flag does leverage incremental file watching as well.
That can mean signficantly faster builds under --build --watch.
In our testing, this functionality has resulted in a reduction of 50% to 75% in build times of the original --build --watch times.
You can read more on the original pull request for the change to see specific numbers, but we believe most composite project users will see significant wins here.
TypeScript 3.2
strictBindCallApply
TypeScript 3.2 introduces a new strictBindCallApply compiler option (in the strict family of options) with which the bind, call, and apply methods on function objects are strongly typed and strictly checked.
ts
This is achieved by introducing two new types, CallableFunction and NewableFunction, in lib.d.ts. These types contain specialized generic method declarations for bind, call, and apply for regular functions and constructor functions, respectively. The declarations use generic rest parameters (see #24897) to capture and reflect parameter lists in a strongly typed manner. In strictBindCallApply mode these declarations are used in place of the (very permissive) declarations provided by type Function.
Caveats
Since the stricter checks may uncover previously unreported errors, this is a breaking change in strict mode.
Additionally, another caveat of this new functionality is that due to certain limitations, bind, call, and apply can’t yet fully model generic functions or functions that have overloads.
When using these methods on a generic function, type parameters will be substituted with the empty object type ({}), and when used on a function with overloads, only the last overload will ever be modeled.
Generic spread expressions in object literals
In TypeScript 3.2, object literals now allow generic spread expressions which now produce intersection types, similar to the Object.assign function and JSX literals. For example:
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Property assignments and non-generic spread expressions are merged to the greatest extent possible on either side of a generic spread expression. For example:
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Non-generic spread expressions continue to be processed as before: Call and construct signatures are stripped, only non-method properties are preserved, and for properties with the same name, the type of the rightmost property is used. This contrasts with intersection types which concatenate call and construct signatures, preserve all properties, and intersect the types of properties with the same name. Thus, spreads of the same types may produce different results when they are created through instantiation of generic types:
ts
Generic object rest variables and parameters
TypeScript 3.2 also allows destructuring a rest binding from a generic variable. This is achieved by using the predefined Pick and Exclude helper types from lib.d.ts, and using the generic type in question as well as the names of the other bindings in the destructuring pattern.
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BigInt
BigInts are part of an upcoming proposal in ECMAScript that allow us to model theoretically arbitrarily large integers.
TypeScript 3.2 brings type-checking for BigInts, as well as support for emitting BigInt literals when targeting esnext.
BigInt support in TypeScript introduces a new primitive type called the bigint (all lowercase).
You can get a bigint by calling the BigInt() function or by writing out a BigInt literal by adding an n to the end of any integer numeric literal:
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While you might imagine close interaction between number and bigint, the two are separate domains.
ts
As specified in ECMAScript, mixing numbers and bigints in arithmetic operations is an error.
You’ll have to explicitly convert values to BigInts.
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Also important to note is that bigints produce a new string when using the typeof operator: the string "bigint".
Thus, TypeScript correctly narrows using typeof as you’d expect.
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We’d like to extend a huge thanks to Caleb Sander for all the work on this feature. We’re grateful for the contribution, and we’re sure our users are too!
Caveats
As we mentioned, BigInt support is only available for the esnext target.
It may not be obvious, but because BigInts have different behavior for mathematical operators like +, -, *, etc., providing functionality for older targets where the feature doesn’t exist (like es2017 and below) would involve rewriting each of these operations.
TypeScript would need to dispatch to the correct behavior depending on the type, and so every addition, string concatenation, multiplication, etc. would involve a function call.
For that reason, we have no immediate plans to provide downleveling support.
On the bright side, Node 11 and newer versions of Chrome already support this feature, so you’ll be able to use BigInts there when targeting esnext.
Certain targets may include a polyfill or BigInt-like runtime object.
For those purposes you may want to add esnext.bigint to the lib setting in your compiler options.
Non-unit types as union discriminants
TypeScript 3.2 makes narrowing easier by relaxing rules for what it considers a discriminant property.
Common properties of unions are now considered discriminants as long as they contain some singleton type (e.g. a string literal, null, or undefined), and they contain no generics.
As a result, TypeScript 3.2 considers the error property in the following example to be a discriminant, whereas before it wouldn’t since Error isn’t a singleton type.
Thanks to this, narrowing works correctly in the body of the unwrap function.
ts
tsconfig.json inheritance via Node.js packages
TypeScript 3.2 now resolves tsconfig.jsons from node_modules. When using a bare path for the extends field in tsconfig.json, TypeScript will dive into node_modules packages for us.
Here, TypeScript will climb up node_modules folders looking for a @my-team/tsconfig-base package. For each of those packages, TypeScript will first check whether package.json contains a "tsconfig" field, and if it does, TypeScript will try to load a configuration file from that field. If neither exists, TypeScript will try to read from a tsconfig.json at the root. This is similar to the lookup process for .js files in packages that Node uses, and the .d.ts lookup process that TypeScript already uses.
This feature can be extremely useful for bigger organizations, or projects with lots of distributed dependencies.
The new --showConfig flag
tsc, the TypeScript compiler, supports a new flag called --showConfig.
When running tsc --showConfig, TypeScript will calculate the effective tsconfig.json (after calculating options inherited from the extends field) and print that out.
This can be useful for diagnosing configuration issues in general.
Object.defineProperty declarations in JavaScript
When writing in JavaScript files (using allowJs), TypeScript now recognizes declarations that use Object.defineProperty.
This means you’ll get better completions, and stronger type-checking when enabling type-checking in JavaScript files (by turning on the checkJs option or adding a // @ts-check comment to the top of your file).
js
TypeScript 3.1
Mapped types on tuples and arrays
In TypeScript 3.1, mapped object types[1] over tuples and arrays now produce new tuples/arrays, rather than creating a new type where members like push(), pop(), and length are converted.
For example:
ts
MapToPromise takes a type T, and when that type is a tuple like Coordinate, only the numeric properties are converted.
In [number, number], there are two numerically named properties: 0 and 1.
When given a tuple like that, MapToPromise will create a new tuple where the 0 and 1 properties are Promises of the original type.
So the resulting type PromiseCoordinate ends up with the type [Promise<number>, Promise<number>].
Properties declarations on functions
TypeScript 3.1 brings the ability to define properties on function declarations and const-declared functons, simply by assigning to properties on these functions in the same scope.
This allows us to write canonical JavaScript code without resorting to namespace hacks.
For example:
ts
Here, we have a function readImage which reads an image in a non-blocking asynchronous way.
In addition to readImage, we’ve provided a convenience function on readImage itself called readImage.sync.
While ECMAScript exports are often a better way of providing this functionality, this new support allows code written in this style to “just work” TypeScript.
Additionaly, this approach for property declarations allows us to express common patterns like defaultProps and propTypes on React stateless function components (SFCs).
ts
[1] More specifically, homomorphic mapped types like in the above form.
Version selection with typesVersions
Feedback from our community, as well as our own experience, has shown us that leveraging the newest TypeScript features while also accomodating users on the older versions are difficult.
TypeScript introduces a new feature called typesVersions to help accommodate these scenarios.
When using Node module resolution in TypeScript 3.1, when TypeScript cracks open a package.json file to figure out which files it needs to read, it first looks at a new field called typesVersions.
A package.json with a typesVersions field might look like this:
This package.json tells TypeScript to check whether the current version of TypeScript is running.
If it’s 3.1 or later, it figures out the path you’ve imported relative to the package, and reads from the package’s ts3.1 folder.
That’s what that { "*": ["ts3.1/*"] } means - if you’re familiar with path mapping today, it works exactly like that.
So in the above example, if we’re importing from "package-name", we’ll try to resolve from [...]/node_modules/package-name/ts3.1/index.d.ts (and other relevant paths) when running in TypeScript 3.1.
If we import from package-name/foo, we’ll try to look for [...]/node_modules/package-name/ts3.1/foo.d.ts and [...]/node_modules/package-name/ts3.1/foo/index.d.ts.
What if we’re not running in TypeScript 3.1 in this example?
Well, if none of the fields in typesVersions get matched, TypeScript falls back to the types field, so here TypeScript 3.0 and earlier will be redirected to [...]/node_modules/package-name/index.d.ts.
Matching behavior
The way that TypeScript decides on whether a version of the compiler & language matches is by using Node’s semver ranges.
Multiple fields
typesVersions can support multiple fields where each field name is specified by the range to match on.
Since ranges have the potential to overlap, determining which redirect applies is order-specific.
That means in the above example, even though both the >=3.2 and the >=3.1 matchers support TypeScript 3.2 and above, reversing the order could have different behavior, so the above sample would not be equivalent to the following.
TypeScript 3.0
Tuples in rest parameters and spread expressions
TypeScript 3.0 adds support to multiple new capabilities to interact with function parameter lists as tuple types. TypeScript 3.0 adds support for:
- Expansion of rest parameters with tuple types into discrete parameters.
- Expansion of spread expressions with tuple types into discrete arguments.
- Generic rest parameters and corresponding inference of tuple types.
- Optional elements in tuple types.
- Rest elements in tuple types.
With these features it becomes possible to strongly type a number of higher-order functions that transform functions and their parameter lists.
Rest parameters with tuple types
When a rest parameter has a tuple type, the tuple type is expanded into a sequence of discrete parameters. For example the following two declarations are equivalent:
ts
ts
Spread expressions with tuple types
When a function call includes a spread expression of a tuple type as the last argument, the spread expression corresponds to a sequence of discrete arguments of the tuple element types.
Thus, the following calls are equivalent:
ts
Generic rest parameters
A rest parameter is permitted to have a generic type that is constrained to an array type, and type inference can infer tuple types for such generic rest parameters. This enables higher-order capturing and spreading of partial parameter lists:
Example
ts
In the declaration of f2 above, type inference infers types number, [string, boolean] and void for T, U and V respectively.
Note that when a tuple type is inferred from a sequence of parameters and later expanded into a parameter list, as is the case for U, the original parameter names are used in the expansion (however, the names have no semantic meaning and are not otherwise observable).
Optional elements in tuple types
Tuple types now permit a ? postfix on element types to indicate that the element is optional:
Example
ts
In strictNullChecks mode, a ? modifier automatically includes undefined in the element type, similar to optional parameters.
A tuple type permits an element to be omitted if it has a postfix ? modifier on its type and all elements to the right of it also have ? modifiers.
When tuple types are inferred for rest parameters, optional parameters in the source become optional tuple elements in the inferred type.
The length property of a tuple type with optional elements is a union of numeric literal types representing the possible lengths.
For example, the type of the length property in the tuple type [number, string?, boolean?] is 1 | 2 | 3.
Rest elements in tuple types
The last element of a tuple type can be a rest element of the form ...X, where X is an array type.
A rest element indicates that the tuple type is open-ended and may have zero or more additional elements of the array element type.
For example, [number, ...string[]] means tuples with a number element followed by any number of string elements.
Example
ts
The type of the length property of a tuple type with a rest element is number.
New unknown top type
TypeScript 3.0 introduces a new top type unknown.
unknown is the type-safe counterpart of any.
Anything is assignable to unknown, but unknown isn’t assignable to anything but itself and any without a type assertion or a control flow based narrowing.
Likewise, no operations are permitted on an unknown without first asserting or narrowing to a more specific type.
Example
ts
Support for defaultProps in JSX
TypeScript 2.9 and earlier didn’t leverage React defaultProps declarations inside JSX components.
Users would often have to declare properties optional and use non-null assertions inside of render, or they’d use type-assertions to fix up the type of the component before exporting it.
TypeScript 3.0 adds supports a new type alias in the JSX namespace called LibraryManagedAttributes.
This helper type defines a transformation on the component’s Props type, before using to check a JSX expression targeting it; thus allowing customization like: how conflicts between provided props and inferred props are handled, how inferences are mapped, how optionality is handled, and how inferences from differing places should be combined.
In short using this general type, we can model React’s specific behavior for things like defaultProps and, to some extent, propTypes.
tsx
Caveats
Explicit types on defaultProps
The default-ed properties are inferred from the defaultProps property type. If an explicit type annotation is added, e.g. static defaultProps: Partial<Props>; the compiler will not be able to identify which properties have defaults (since the type of defaultProps include all properties of Props).
Use static defaultProps: Pick<Props, "name">; as an explicit type annotation instead, or do not add a type annotation as done in the example above.
For stateless function components (SFCs) use ES2015 default initializers for SFCs:
tsx
Changes to @types/React
Corresponding changes to add LibraryManagedAttributes definition to the JSX namespace in @types/React are still needed.
Keep in mind that there are some limitations.
/// <reference lib="..." /> reference directives
TypeScript adds a new triple-slash-reference directive (/// <reference lib="name" />), allowing a file to explicitly include an existing built-in lib file.
Built-in lib files are referenced in the same fashion as the lib compiler option in tsconfig.json (e.g. use lib="es2015" and not lib="lib.es2015.d.ts", etc.).
For declaration file authors who rely on built-in types, e.g. DOM APIs or built-in JS run-time constructors like Symbol or Iterable, triple-slash-reference lib directives are the recommended. Previously these .d.ts files had to add forward/duplicate declarations of such types.
Example
Using /// <reference lib="es2017.string" /> to one of the files in a compilation is equivalent to compiling with --lib es2017.string.
ts
TypeScript 2.9
Support number and symbol named properties with keyof and mapped types
TypeScript 2.9 adds support for number and symbol named properties in index types and mapped types.
Previously, the keyof operator and mapped types only supported string named properties.
Changes include:
- An index type
keyof Tfor some typeTis a subtype ofstring | number | symbol. - A mapped type
{ [P in K]: XXX }permits anyKassignable tostring | number | symbol. - In a
for...instatement for an object of a generic typeT, the inferred type of the iteration variable was previouslykeyof Tbut is nowExtract<keyof T, string>. (In other words, the subset ofkeyof Tthat includes only string-like values.)
Given an object type X, keyof X is resolved as follows:
- If
Xcontains a string index signature,keyof Xis a union ofstring,number, and the literal types representing symbol-like properties, otherwise - If
Xcontains a numeric index signature,keyof Xis a union ofnumberand the literal types representing string-like and symbol-like properties, otherwise keyof Xis a union of the literal types representing string-like, number-like, and symbol-like properties.
Where:
- String-like properties of an object type are those declared using an identifier, a string literal, or a computed property name of a string literal type.
- Number-like properties of an object type are those declared using a numeric literal or computed property name of a numeric literal type.
- Symbol-like properties of an object type are those declared using a computed property name of a unique symbol type.
In a mapped type { [P in K]: XXX }, each string literal type in K introduces a property with a string name, each numeric literal type in K introduces a property with a numeric name, and each unique symbol type in K introduces a property with a unique symbol name.
Furthermore, if K includes type string, a string index signature is introduced, and if K includes type number, a numeric index signature is introduced.
Example
ts
Since keyof now reflects the presence of a numeric index signature by including type number in the key type, mapped types such as Partial<T> and Readonly<T> work correctly when applied to object types with numeric index signatures:
ts
Furthermore, with the keyof operator’s support for number and symbol named keys, it is now possible to abstract over access to properties of objects that are indexed by numeric literals (such as numeric enum types) and unique symbols.
ts
This is a breaking change; previously, the keyof operator and mapped types only supported string named properties.
Code that assumed values typed with keyof T were always strings, will now be flagged as error.
Example
ts
Recommendations
-
If your functions are only able to handle string named property keys, use
Extract<keyof T, string>in the declaration:tsfunction useKey<T, K extends Extract<keyof T, string>>(o: T, k: K) {var name: string = k; // OK} -
If your functions are open to handling all property keys, then the changes should be done down-stream:
tsfunction useKey<T, K extends keyof T>(o: T, k: K) {var name: string | number | symbol = k;} -
Otherwise use
keyofStringsOnlycompiler option to disable the new behavior.
Generic type arguments in JSX elements
JSX elements now allow passing type arguments to generic components.
Example
ts
Generic type arguments in generic tagged templates
Tagged templates are a form of invocation introduced in ECMAScript 2015. Like call expressions, generic functions may be used in a tagged template and TypeScript will infer the type arguments utilized.
TypeScript 2.9 allows passing generic type arguments to tagged template strings.
Example
ts
import types
Modules can import types declared in other modules. But non-module global scripts cannot access types declared in modules. Enter import types.
Using import("mod") in a type annotation allows for reaching in a module and accessing its exported declaration without importing it.
Example
Given a declaration of a class Pet in a module file:
ts
Can be used in a non-module file global-script.ts:
ts
This also works in JSDoc comments to refer to types from other modules in .js:
js
Relaxing declaration emit visiblity rules
With import types available, many of the visibility errors reported during declaration file generation can be handled by the compiler without the need to change the input.
For instance:
ts
With TypeScript 2.9, no errors are reported, and now the generated file looks like:
ts
Support for import.meta
TypeScript 2.9 introduces support for import.meta, a new meta-property as described by the current TC39 proposal.
The type of import.meta is the global ImportMeta type which is defined in lib.es5.d.ts.
This interface is extremely limited.
Adding well-known properties for Node or browsers requires interface merging and possibly a global augmentation depending on the context.
Example
Assuming that __dirname is always available on import.meta, the declaration would be done through reopening ImportMeta interface:
ts
And usage would be:
ts
import.meta is only allowed when targeting ESNext modules and ECMAScript targets.
New --resolveJsonModule
Often in Node.js applications a .json is needed. With TypeScript 2.9, resolveJsonModule allows for importing, extracting types from and generating .json files.
Example
ts
ts
--pretty output by default
Starting TypeScript 2.9 errors are displayed under pretty by default if the output device is applicable for colorful text.
TypeScript will check if the output steam has isTty property set.
Use --pretty false on the command line or set "pretty": false in your tsconfig.json to disable pretty output.
New --declarationMap
Enabling declarationMap alongside declaration causes the compiler to emit .d.ts.map files alongside the output .d.ts files.
Language Services can also now understand these map files, and uses them to map declaration-file based definition locations to their original source, when available.
In other words, hitting go-to-definition on a declaration from a .d.ts file generated with declarationMap will take you to the source file (.ts) location where that declaration was defined, and not to the .d.ts.
TypeScript 2.8
Conditional Types
TypeScript 2.8 introduces conditional types which add the ability to express non-uniform type mappings. A conditional type selects one of two possible types based on a condition expressed as a type relationship test:
ts
The type above means when T is assignable to U the type is X, otherwise the type is Y.
A conditional type T extends U ? X : Y is either resolved to X or Y, or deferred because the condition depends on one or more type variables.
Whether to resolve or defer is determined as follows:
- First, given types
T'andU'that are instantiations ofTandUwhere all occurrences of type parameters are replaced withany, ifT'is not assignable toU', the conditional type is resolved toY. Intuitively, if the most permissive instantiation ofTis not assignable to the most permissive instantiation ofU, we know that no instantiation will be and we can just resolve toY. - Next, for each type variable introduced by an
infer(more later) declaration withinUcollect a set of candidate types by inferring fromTtoU(using the same inference algorithm as type inference for generic functions). For a giveninfertype variableV, if any candidates were inferred from co-variant positions, the type inferred forVis a union of those candidates. Otherwise, if any candidates were inferred from contra-variant positions, the type inferred forVis an intersection of those candidates. Otherwise, the type inferred forVisnever. - Then, given a type
T''that is an instantiation ofTwhere allinfertype variables are replaced with the types inferred in the previous step, ifT''is definitely assignable toU, the conditional type is resolved toX. The definitely assignable relation is the same as the regular assignable relation, except that type variable constraints are not considered. Intuitively, when a type is definitely assignable to another type, we know that it will be assignable for all instantiations of those types. - Otherwise, the condition depends on one or more type variables and the conditional type is deferred.
Example
ts
Distributive conditional types
Conditional types in which the checked type is a naked type parameter are called distributive conditional types.
Distributive conditional types are automatically distributed over union types during instantiation.
For example, an instantiation of T extends U ? X : Y with the type argument A | B | C for T is resolved as (A extends U ? X : Y) | (B extends U ? X : Y) | (C extends U ? X : Y).
Example
ts
In instantiations of a distributive conditional type T extends U ? X : Y, references to T within the conditional type are resolved to individual constituents of the union type (i.e. T refers to the individual constituents after the conditional type is distributed over the union type).
Furthermore, references to T within X have an additional type parameter constraint U (i.e. T is considered assignable to U within X).
Example
ts
Notice that T has the additional constraint any[] within the true branch of Boxed<T> and it is therefore possible to refer to the element type of the array as T[number]. Also, notice how the conditional type is distributed over the union type in the last example.
The distributive property of conditional types can conveniently be used to filter union types:
ts
Conditional types are particularly useful when combined with mapped types:
ts
Similar to union and intersection types, conditional types are not permitted to reference themselves recursively. For example the following is an error.
Example
ts
Type inference in conditional types
Within the extends clause of a conditional type, it is now possible to have infer declarations that introduce a type variable to be inferred.
Such inferred type variables may be referenced in the true branch of the conditional type.
It is possible to have multiple infer locations for the same type variable.
For example, the following extracts the return type of a function type:
ts
Conditional types can be nested to form a sequence of pattern matches that are evaluated in order:
ts
The following example demonstrates how multiple candidates for the same type variable in co-variant positions causes a union type to be inferred:
ts
Likewise, multiple candidates for the same type variable in contra-variant positions causes an intersection type to be inferred:
ts
When inferring from a type with multiple call signatures (such as the type of an overloaded function), inferences are made from the last signature (which, presumably, is the most permissive catch-all case). It is not possible to perform overload resolution based on a list of argument types.
ts
It is not possible to use infer declarations in constraint clauses for regular type parameters:
ts
However, much the same effect can be obtained by erasing the type variables in the constraint and instead specifying a conditional type:
ts
Predefined conditional types
TypeScript 2.8 adds several predefined conditional types to lib.d.ts:
Exclude<T, U>— Exclude fromTthose types that are assignable toU.Extract<T, U>— Extract fromTthose types that are assignable toU.NonNullable<T>— ExcludenullandundefinedfromT.ReturnType<T>— Obtain the return type of a function type.InstanceType<T>— Obtain the instance type of a constructor function type.
Example
ts
Note: The
Excludetype is a proper implementation of theDifftype suggested here. We’ve used the nameExcludeto avoid breaking existing code that defines aDiff, plus we feel that name better conveys the semantics of the type. We did not include theOmit<T, K>type because it is trivially written asPick<T, Exclude<keyof T, K>>.
Improved control over mapped type modifiers
Mapped types support adding a readonly or ? modifier to a mapped property, but they did not provide support the ability to remove modifiers.
This matters in homomorphic mapped types which by default preserve the modifiers of the underlying type.
TypeScript 2.8 adds the ability for a mapped type to either add or remove a particular modifier.
Specifically, a readonly or ? property modifier in a mapped type can now be prefixed with either + or - to indicate that the modifier should be added or removed.
Example
ts
A modifier with no + or - prefix is the same as a modifier with a + prefix. So, the ReadonlyPartial<T> type above corresponds to
ts
Using this ability, lib.d.ts now has a new Required<T> type.
This type strips ? modifiers from all properties of T, thus making all properties required.
Example
ts
Note that in strictNullChecks mode, when a homomorphic mapped type removes a ? modifier from a property in the underlying type it also removes undefined from the type of that property:
Example
ts
Improved keyof with intersection types
With TypeScript 2.8 keyof applied to an intersection type is transformed to a union of keyof applied to each intersection constituent.
In other words, types of the form keyof (A & B) are transformed to be keyof A | keyof B.
This change should address inconsistencies with inference from keyof expressions.
Example
ts
Better handling for namespace patterns in .js files
TypeScript 2.8 adds support for understanding more namespace patterns in .js files.
Empty object literals declarations on top level, just like functions and classes, are now recognized as as namespace declarations in JavaScript.
js
Assignments at the top-level should behave the same way; in other words, a var or const declaration is not required.
js
IIFEs as namespace declarations
An IIFE returning a function, class or empty object literal, is also recognized as a namespace:
js
Defaulted declarations
“Defaulted declarations” allow initializers that reference the declared name in the left side of a logical or:
js
Prototype assignment
You can assign an object literal directly to the prototype property. Individual prototype assignments still work too:
ts
Nested and merged declarations
Nesting works to any level now, and merges correctly across files. Previously neither was the case.
js
Per-file JSX factories
TypeScript 2.8 adds support for a per-file configurable JSX factory name using @jsx dom paragma.
JSX factory can be configured for a compilation using jsxFactory (default is React.createElement). With TypeScript 2.8 you can override this on a per-file-basis by adding a comment to the beginning of the file.
Example
ts
Generates:
js
Locally scoped JSX namespaces
JSX type checking is driven by definitions in a JSX namespace, for instance JSX.Element for the type of a JSX element, and JSX.IntrinsicElements for built-in elements.
Before TypeScript 2.8 the JSX namespace was expected to be in the global namespace, and thus only allowing one to be defined in a project.
Starting with TypeScript 2.8 the JSX namespace will be looked under the jsxNamespace (e.g. React) allowing for multiple jsx factories in one compilation.
For backward compatibility the global JSX namespace is used as a fallback if none was defined on the factory function.
Combined with the per-file @jsx pragma, each file can have a different JSX factory.
New --emitDeclarationsOnly
--emitDeclarationsOnly allows for only generating declaration files; .js/.jsx output generation will be skipped with this flag. The flag is useful when the .js output generation is handled by a different transpiler like Babel.
TypeScript 2.7
Constant-named properties
TypeScript 2.7 adds support for declaring const-named properties on types including ECMAScript symbols.
Example
ts
ts
This also applies to numeric and string literals.
Example
ts
unique symbol
To enable treating symbols as unique literals a new type unique symbol is available.
unique symbol is are subtype of symbol, and are produced only from calling Symbol() or Symbol.for(), or from explicit type annotations.
The new type is only allowed on const declarations and readonly static properties, and in order to reference a specific unique symbol, you’ll have to use the typeof operator.
Each reference to a unique symbol implies a completely unique identity that’s tied to a given declaration.
Example
ts
Because each unique symbol has a completely separate identity, no two unique symbol types are assignable or comparable to each other.
Example
ts
Strict Class Initialization
TypeScript 2.7 introduces a new flag called strictPropertyInitialization.
This flag performs checks to ensure that each instance property of a class gets initialized in the constructor body, or by a property initializer.
For example
ts
In the above, if we truly meant for baz to potentially be undefined, we should have declared it with the type boolean | undefined.
There are certain scenarios where properties can be initialized indirectly (perhaps by a helper method or dependency injection library), in which case you can use the new definite assignment assertion modifiers for your properties (discussed below).
ts
Keep in mind that strictPropertyInitialization will be turned on along with other strict mode flags, which can impact your project.
You can set the strictPropertyInitialization setting to false in your tsconfig.json’s compilerOptions, or --strictPropertyInitialization false on the command line to turn off this checking.
Definite Assignment Assertions
The definite assignment assertion is a feature that allows a ! to be placed after instance property and variable declarations to relay to TypeScript that a variable is indeed assigned for all intents and purposes, even if TypeScript’s analyses cannot detect so.
For example:
ts
With definite assignment assertions, we can assert that x is really assigned by appending an ! to its declaration:
ts
In a sense, the definite assignment assertion operator is the dual of the non-null assertion operator (in which expressions are post-fixed with a !), which we could also have used in the example.
ts
In our example, we knew that all uses of x would be initialized so it makes more sense to use definite assignment assertions than non-null assertions.
Fixed Length Tuples
In TypeScript 2.6 and earlier, [number, string, string] was considered a subtype of [number, string].
This was motivated by TypeScript’s structural nature; the first and second elements of a [number, string, string] are respectively subtypes of the first and second elements of [number, string].
However, after examining real world usage of tuples, we noticed that most situations in which this was permitted was typically undesirable.
In TypeScript 2.7, tuples of different arities are no longer assignable to each other.
Thanks to a pull request from Kiara Grouwstra, tuple types now encode their arity into the type of their respective length property.
This is accomplished by leveraging numeric literal types, which now allow tuples to be distinct from tuples of different arities.
Conceptually, you might consider the type [number, string] to be equivalent to the following declaration of NumStrTuple:
ts
Note that this is a breaking change for some code.
If you need to resort to the original behavior in which tuples only enforce a minimum length, you can use a similar declaration that does not explicitly define a length property, falling back to number.
ts
Note that this does not imply tuples represent immutable arrays, but it is an implied convention.
Improved type inference for object literals
TypeScript 2.7 improves type inference for multiple object literals occurring in the same context. When multiple object literal types contribute to a union type, we now normalize the object literal types such that all properties are present in each constituent of the union type.
Consider:
ts
Previously type {} was inferred for obj and the second line subsequently caused an error because obj would appear to have no properties.
That obviously wasn’t ideal.
Example
ts
Multiple object literal type inferences for the same type parameter are similarly collapsed into a single normalized union type:
ts
Improved handling of structurally identical classes and instanceof expressions
TypeScript 2.7 improves the handling of structurally identical classes in union types and instanceof expressions:
- Structurally identical, but distinct, class types are now preserved in union types (instead of eliminating all but one).
- Union type subtype reduction only removes a class type if it is a subclass of and derives from another class type in the union.
- Type checking of the
instanceofoperator is now based on whether the type of the left operand derives from the type indicated by the right operand (as opposed to a structural subtype check).
This means that union types and instanceof properly distinguish between structurally identical classes.
Example:
ts
Type guards inferred from in operator
The in operator now acts as a narrowing expression for types.
For a n in x expression, where n is a string literal or string literal type and x is a union type, the “true” branch narrows to types which have an optional or required property n, and the “false” branch narrows to types which have an optional or missing property n.
Example
ts
Support for import d from "cjs" form CommonJS modules with --esModuleInterop
TypeScript 2.7 updates CommonJS/AMD/UMD module emit to synthesize namespace records based on the presence of an __esModule indicator under esModuleInterop.
The change brings the generated output from TypeScript closer to that generated by Babel.
Previously CommonJS/AMD/UMD modules were treated in the same way as ES6 modules, resulting in a couple of problems. Namely:
-
TypeScript treats a namespace import (i.e.
import * as foo from "foo") for a CommonJS/AMD/UMD module as equivalent toconst foo = require("foo"). Things are simple here, but they don’t work out if the primary object being imported is a primitive or a class or a function. ECMAScript spec stipulates that a namespace record is a plain object, and that a namespace import (fooin the example above) is not callable, though allowed by TypeScript -
Similarly a default import (i.e.
import d from "foo") for a CommonJS/AMD/UMD module as equivalent toconst d = require("foo").default. Most of the CommonJS/AMD/UMD modules available today do not have adefaultexport, making this import pattern practically unusable to import non-ES modules (i.e. CommonJS/AMD/UMD). For instanceimport fs from "fs"orimport express from "express"are not allowed.
Under the new esModuleInterop these two issues should be addressed:
- A namespace import (i.e.
import * as foo from "foo") is now correctly flagged as uncallabale. Calling it will result in an error. - Default imports to CommonJS/AMD/UMD are now allowed (e.g.
import fs from "fs"), and should work as expected.
Note: The new behavior is added under a flag to avoid unwarranted breaks to existing code bases. We highly recommend applying it both to new and existing projects. For existing projects, namespace imports (
import * as express from "express"; express();) will need to be converted to default imports (import express from "express"; express();).
Example
With esModuleInterop two new helpers are generated __importStar and __importDefault for import * and import default respectively.
For instance input like:
ts
Will generate:
js
Numeric separators
TypeScript 2.7 brings support for ES Numeric Separators.
Numeric literals can now be separated into segments using _.
Example
ts
Cleaner output in --watch mode
TypeScript’s --watch mode now clears the screen after a re-compilation is requested.
Prettier --pretty output
TypeScript’s pretty flag can make error messages easier to read and manage.
pretty now uses colors for file names, diagnostic codes, and line numbers.
File names and positions are now also formatted to allow navigation in common terminals (e.g. Visual Studio Code terminal).
TypeScript 2.6
Strict function types
TypeScript 2.6 introduces a new strict checking flag, strictFunctionTypes.
The strictFunctionTypes switch is part of the strict family of switches, meaning that it defaults to on in strict mode.
You can opt-out by setting --strictFunctionTypes false on your command line or in your tsconfig.json.
Under strictFunctionTypes function type parameter positions are checked contravariantly instead of bivariantly.
For some background on what variance means for function types check out What are covariance and contravariance?.
The stricter checking applies to all function types, except those originating in method or constructor declarations.
Methods are excluded specifically to ensure generic classes and interfaces (such as Array<T>) continue to mostly relate covariantly.
Consider the following example in which Animal is the supertype of Dog and Cat:
ts
The first assignment is permitted in default type checking mode, but flagged as an error in strict function types mode. Intuitively, the default mode permits the assignment because it is possibly sound, whereas strict function types mode makes it an error because it isn’t provably sound. In either mode the third assignment is an error because it is never sound.
Another way to describe the example is that the type (x: T) => void is bivariant (i.e. covariant or contravariant) for T in default type checking mode, but contravariant for T in strict function types mode.
Example
ts
The first assignment is now an error. Effectively, T is contravariant in Comparer<T> because it is used only in function type parameter positions.
By the way, note that whereas some languages (e.g. C# and Scala) require variance annotations (out/in or +/-), variance emerges naturally from the actual use of a type parameter within a generic type due to TypeScript’s structural type system.
Note:
Under strictFunctionTypes the first assignment is still permitted if compare was declared as a method.
Effectively, T is bivariant in Comparer<T> because it is used only in method parameter positions.
ts
TypeScript 2.6 also improves type inference involving contravariant positions:
ts
Above, all inferences for T originate in contravariant positions, and we therefore infer the best common subtype for T.
This contrasts with inferences from covariant positions, where we infer the best common supertype.
Support for JSX Fragment Syntax
TypeScript 2.6.2 adds support for the new <>...</> syntax for fragments in JSX.
It is frequently desirable to return multiple children from a component.
However, this is invalid, so the usual approach has been to wrap the text in an extra element, such as a <div> or <span> as shown below.
tsx
To address this pattern, React introduced the React.Fragment component, which provides a dedicated way to wrap such elements without adding an element to the DOM.
Correspondingly, the <>...</> syntax was added to JSX to facilitate this new construct. Therefore, the above scenario becomes:
tsx
Under --jsx preserve, the new syntax is left untouched for TypeScript emit. Otherwise, for --jsx react, <>...</> is compiled to React.createElement(React.Fragment, null, ...), where React.createElement respects jsxFactory.
Note that it is an error to use <>...</> when --jsx react and jsxFactory are both enabled.
Please refer to the React blog for more details on fragments and the new syntax.
Cache tagged template objects in modules
TypeScript 2.6 fixes the tagged string template emit to align better with the ECMAScript spec.
As per the ECMAScript spec, every time a template tag is evaluated, the same template strings object (the same TemplateStringsArray) should be passed as the first argument.
Before TypeScript 2.6, the generated output was a completely new template object each time.
Though the string contents are the same, this emit affects libraries that use the identity of the string for cache invalidation purposes, e.g. lit-html.
Example
ts
Results in the following generated code:
js
Note: This change brings a new emit helper,
__makeTemplateObject; if you are usingimportHelperswithtslib, an updated to version 1.8 or later.
Localized diagnostics on the command line
TypeScript 2.6 npm package ships with localized versions of diagnostic messages for 13 languages.
The localized messages are available when using --locale flag on the command line.
Example
Error messages in Russian:
sh
And help in Japanese:
sh
Suppress errors in .ts files using ’// @ts-ignore’ comments
TypeScript 2.6 support suppressing errors in .js files using // @ts-ignore comments placed above the offending lines.
Example
ts
A // @ts-ignore comment suppresses all errors that originate on the following line.
It is recommended practice to have the remainder of the comment following @ts-ignore explain which error is being suppressed.
Please note that this comment only suppresses the error reporting, and we recommend you use this comments very sparingly.
Faster tsc --watch
TypeScript 2.6 brings a faster --watch implementation.
The new version optimizes code generation and checking for code bases using ES modules.
Changes detected in a module file will result in only regenerating the changed module, and files that depend on it, instead of the whole project.
Projects with large number of files should reap the most benefit from this change.
The new implementation also brings performance enhancements to watching in tsserver. The watcher logic has been completely rewritten to respond faster to change events.
Write-only references now flagged as unused
TypeScript 2.6 adds revised implementation the noUnusedLocals and noUnusedParameters compiler options.
Declarations are only written to but never read from are now flagged as unused.
Example
Bellow both n and m will be marked as unused, because their values are never read. Previously TypeScript would only check whether their values were referenced.
ts
Also functions that are only called within their own bodies are considered unused.
Example
ts
TypeScript 2.5
Optional catch clause variables
Thanks to work done by @tinganho, TypeScript 2.5 implements a new ECMAScript feature that allows users to omit the variable in catch clauses.
For example, when using JSON.parse you may need to wrap calls to the function with a try/catch, but you may not end up using the SyntaxError that gets thrown when input is erroneous.
ts
Type assertion/cast syntax in checkJs/@ts-check mode
TypeScript 2.5 introduces the ability to assert the type of expressions when using plain JavaScript in your projects.
The syntax is an /** @type {...} */ annotation comment followed by a parenthesized expression whose type needs to be re-evaluated.
For example:
ts
Deduplicated and redirected packages
When importing using the Node module resolution strategy in TypeScript 2.5, the compiler will now check whether files originate from “identical” packages.
If a file originates from a package with a package.json containing the same name and version fields as a previously encountered package, then TypeScript will redirect itself to the top-most package.
This helps resolve problems where two packages might contain identical declarations of classes, but which contain private members that cause them to be structurally incompatible.
As a nice bonus, this can also reduce the memory and runtime footprint of the compiler and language service by avoiding loading .d.ts files from duplicate packages.
The --preserveSymlinks compiler flag
TypeScript 2.5 brings the preserveSymlinks flag, which parallels the behavior of the --preserve-symlinks flag in Node.js.
This flag also exhibits the opposite behavior to Webpack’s resolve.symlinks option (i.e. setting TypeScript’s preserveSymlinks to true parallels setting Webpack’s resolve.symlinks to false, and vice-versa).
In this mode, references to modules and packages (e.g. imports and /// <reference type="..." /> directives) are all resolved relative to the location of the symbolic link file, rather than relative to the path that the symbolic link resolves to.
For a more concrete example, we’ll defer to the documentation on the Node.js website.
TypeScript 2.4
Dynamic Import Expressions
Dynamic import expressions are a new feature and part of ECMAScript that allows users to asynchronously request a module at any arbitrary point in your program.
This means that you can conditionally and lazily import other modules and libraries.
For example, here’s an async function that only imports a utility library when it’s needed:
ts
Many bundlers have support for automatically splitting output bundles based on these import expressions, so consider using this new feature with the esnext module target.
String Enums
TypeScript 2.4 now allows enum members to contain string initializers.
ts
The caveat is that string-initialized enums can’t be reverse-mapped to get the original enum member name.
In other words, you can’t write Colors["RED"] to get the string "Red".
Improved inference for generics
TypeScript 2.4 introduces a few wonderful changes around the way generics are inferred.
Return types as inference targets
For one, TypeScript can now make inferences for the return type of a call. This can improve your experience and catch errors. Something that now works:
ts
As an example of new errors you might spot as a result:
ts
Type parameter inference from contextual types
Prior to TypeScript 2.4, in the following example
ts
y would have the type any.
This meant the program would type-check, but you could technically do anything with y, such as the following:
ts
That last example isn’t actually type-safe.
In TypeScript 2.4, the function on the right side implicitly gains type parameters, and y is inferred to have the type of that type-parameter.
If you use y in a way that the type parameter’s constraint doesn’t support, you’ll correctly get an error.
In this case, the constraint of T was (implicitly) {}, so the last example will appropriately fail.
Stricter checking for generic functions
TypeScript now tries to unify type parameters when comparing two single-signature types. As a result, you’ll get stricter checks when relating two generic signatures, and may catch some bugs.
ts
Strict contravariance for callback parameters
TypeScript has always compared parameters in a bivariant way.
There are a number of reasons for this, but by-and-large this was not been a huge issue for our users until we saw some of the adverse effects it had with Promises and Observables.
TypeScript 2.4 introduces tightens this up when relating two callback types. For example:
ts
Prior to TypeScript 2.4, this example would succeed.
When relating the types of map, TypeScript would bidirectionally relate their parameters (i.e. the type of f).
When relating each f, TypeScript would also bidirectionally relate the type of those parameters.
When relating the type of map in TS 2.4, the language will check whether each parameter is a callback type, and if so, it will ensure that those parameters are checked in a contravariant manner with respect to the current relation.
In other words, TypeScript now catches the above bug, which may be a breaking change for some users, but will largely be helpful.
Weak Type Detection
TypeScript 2.4 introduces the concept of “weak types”.
Any type that contains nothing but a set of all-optional properties is considered to be weak.
For example, this Options type is a weak type:
ts
In TypeScript 2.4, it’s now an error to assign anything to a weak type when there’s no overlap in properties. For example:
ts
You can think of this as TypeScript “toughening up” the weak guarantees of these types to catch what would otherwise be silent bugs.
Since this is a breaking change, you may need to know about the workarounds which are the same as those for strict object literal checks:
- Declare the properties if they really do exist.
- Add an index signature to the weak type (i.e.
[propName: string]: {}). - Use a type assertion (i.e.
opts as Options).
TypeScript 2.3
Generators and Iteration for ES5/ES3
First some ES2016 terminology:
Iterators
ES2015 introduced Iterator, which is an object that exposes three methods, next, return, and throw, as per the following interface:
ts
This kind of iterator is useful for iterating over synchronously available values, such as the elements of an Array or the keys of a Map.
An object that supports iteration is said to be “iterable” if it has a Symbol.iterator method that returns an Iterator object.
The Iterator protocol also defines the target of some of the ES2015 features like for..of and spread operator and the array rest in destructuring assignmnets.
Generators
ES2015 also introduced “Generators”, which are functions that can be used to yield partial computation results via the Iterator interface and the yield keyword.
Generators can also internally delegate calls to another iterable through yield *. For example:
ts
New --downlevelIteration
Previously generators were only supported if the target is ES6/ES2015 or later.
Moreover, constructs that operate on the Iterator protocol, e.g. for..of were only supported if they operate on arrays for targets below ES6/ES2015.
TypeScript 2.3 adds full support for generators and the Iterator protocol for ES3 and ES5 targets with downlevelIteration flag.
With downlevelIteration, the compiler uses new type check and emit behavior that attempts to call a [Symbol.iterator]() method on the iterated object if it is found, and creates a synthetic array iterator over the object if it is not.
Please note that this requires a native
Symbol.iteratororSymbol.iteratorshim at runtime for any non-array values.
for..of statements, Array Destructuring, and Spread elements in Array, Call, and New expressions support Symbol.iterator in ES5/E3 if available when using downlevelIteration, but can be used on an Array even if it does not define Symbol.iterator at run time or design time.
Async Iteration
TypeScript 2.3 adds support for the async iterators and generators as described by the current TC39 proposal.
Async iterators
The Async Iteration introduces an AsyncIterator, which is similar to Iterator.
The difference lies in the fact that the next, return, and throw methods of an AsyncIterator return a Promise for the iteration result, rather than the result itself. This allows the caller to enlist in an asynchronous notification for the time at which the AsyncIterator has advanced to the point of yielding a value.
An AsyncIterator has the following shape:
ts
An object that supports async iteration is said to be “iterable” if it has a Symbol.asyncIterator method that returns an AsyncIterator object.
Async Generators
The Async Iteration proposal introduces “Async Generators”, which are async functions that also can be used to yield partial computation results. Async Generators can also delegate calls via yield* to either an iterable or async iterable:
ts
As with Generators, Async Generators can only be function declarations, function expressions, or methods of classes or object literals. Arrow functions cannot be Async Generators. Async Generators require a valid, global Promise implementation (either native or an ES2015-compatible polyfill), in addition to a valid Symbol.asyncIterator reference (either a native symbol or a shim).
The for-await-of Statement
Finally, ES2015 introduced the for..of statement as a means of iterating over an iterable.
Similarly, the Async Iteration proposal introduces the for..await..of statement to iterate over an async iterable:
ts
The for..await..of statement is only legal within an Async Function or Async Generator.
Caveats
- Keep in mind that our support for async iterators relies on support for
Symbol.asyncIteratorto exist at runtime. You may need to polyfillSymbol.asyncIterator, which for simple purposes can be as simple as:(Symbol as any).asyncIterator = Symbol.asyncIterator || Symbol.from("Symbol.asyncIterator"); - You also need to include
esnextin yourliboption, to get theAsyncIteratordeclaration if you do not already have it. - Finally, if your target is ES5 or ES3, you’ll also need to set the
--downlevelIteratorsflag.
Generic parameter defaults
TypeScript 2.3 adds support for declaring defaults for generic type parameters.
Example
Consider a function that creates a new HTMLElement, calling it with no arguments generates a Div; you can optionally pass a list of children as well. Previously you would have to define it as:
ts
With generic parameter defaults we can reduce it to:
ts
A generic parameter default follows the following rules:
- A type parameter is deemed optional if it has a default.
- Required type parameters must not follow optional type parameters.
- Default types for a type parameter must satisfy the constraint for the type parameter, if it exists.
- When specifying type arguments, you are only required to specify type arguments for the required type parameters. Unspecified type parameters will resolve to their default types.
- If a default type is specified and inference cannot chose a candidate, the default type is inferred.
- A class or interface declaration that merges with an existing class or interface declaration may introduce a default for an existing type parameter.
- A class or interface declaration that merges with an existing class or interface declaration may introduce a new type parameter as long as it specifies a default.
New --strict master option
New checks added to TypeScript are often off by default to avoid breaking existing projects. While avoiding breakage is a good thing, this strategy has the drawback of making it increasingly complex to choose the highest level of type safety, and doing so requires explicit opt-in action on every TypeScript release. With the strict option it becomes possible to choose maximum type safety with the understanding that additional errors might be reported by newer versions of the compiler as improved type checking features are added.
The new strict compiler option represents the recommended setting of a number of type checking options. Specifically, specifying strict corresponds to specifying all of the following options (and may in the future include more options):
In exact terms, the strict option sets the default value for the compiler options listed above. This means it is still possible to individually control the options. For example,
has the effect of turning on all strict options except the noImplicitThis option. Using this scheme it is possible to express configurations consisting of all strict options except some explicitly listed options. In other words, it is now possible to default to the highest level of type safety but opt out of certain checks.
Starting with TypeScript 2.3, the default tsconfig.json generated by tsc --init includes a "strict": true setting in the "compilerOptions" section. Thus, new projects started with tsc --init will by default have the highest level of type safety enabled.
Enhanced --init output
Along with setting strict on by default, tsc --init has an enhanced output. Default tsconfig.json files generated by tsc --init now include a set of the common compiler options along with their descriptions commented out. Just un-comment the configuration you like to set to get the desired behavior; we hope the new output simplifies the setting up new projects and keeps configuration files readable as projects grow.
Errors in .js files with --checkJs
By default the TypeScript compiler does not report any errors in .js files including using allowJs. With TypeScript 2.3 type-checking errors can also be reported in .js files with checkJs.
You can skip checking some files by adding // @ts-nocheck comment to them; conversely you can choose to check only a few .js files by adding // @ts-check comment to them without setting checkJs. You can also ignore errors on specific lines by adding // @ts-ignore on the preceding line.
.js files are still checked to ensure that they only include standard ECMAScript features; type annotations are only allowed in .ts files and are flagged as errors in .js files. JSDoc comments can be used to add some type information to your JavaScript code, see JSDoc Support documentation for more details about the supported JSDoc constructs.
See Type checking JavaScript Files documentation for more details.
TypeScript 2.2
Support for Mix-in classes
TypeScript 2.2 adds support for the ECMAScript 2015 mixin class pattern (see MDN Mixin description and “Real” Mixins with JavaScript Classes for more details) as well as rules for combining mixin construct signatures with regular construct signatures in intersection types.
First some terminology:
-
A mixin constructor type refers to a type that has a single construct signature with a single rest argument of type
any[]and an object-like return type. For example, given an object-like typeX,new (...args: any[]) => Xis a mixin constructor type with an instance typeX. -
A mixin class is a class declaration or expression that
extendsan expression of a type parameter type. The following rules apply to mixin class declarations:
- The type parameter type of the
extendsexpression must be constrained to a mixin constructor type. - The constructor of a mixin class (if any) must have a single rest parameter of type
any[]and must use the spread operator to pass those parameters as arguments in asuper(...args)call.
Given an expression Base of a parametric type T with a constraint X, a mixin class class C extends Base {...} is processed as if Base had type X and the resulting type is the intersection typeof C & T. In other words, a mixin class is represented as an intersection between the mixin class constructor type and the parametric base class constructor type.
When obtaining the construct signatures of an intersection type that contains mixin constructor types, the mixin construct signatures are discarded and their instance types are mixed into the return types of the other construct signatures in the intersection type. For example, the intersection type { new(...args: any[]) => A } & { new(s: string) => B } has a single construct signature new(s: string) => A & B.
Putting all of the above rules together in an example:
ts
Mixin classes can constrain the types of classes they can mix into by specifying a construct signature return type in the constraint for the type parameter. For example, the following WithLocation function implements a subclass factory that adds a getLocation method to any class that satisfies the Point interface (i.e. that has x and y properties of type number).
ts
object type
TypeScript did not have a type that represents the non-primitive type, i.e. any thing that is not number | string | boolean | symbol | null | undefined. Enter the new object type.
With object type, APIs like Object.create can be better represented. For example:
ts
Support for new.target
The new.target meta-property is new syntax introduced in ES2015. When an instance of a constructor is created via new, the value of new.target is set to be a reference to the constructor function initially used to allocate the instance. If a function is called rather than constructed via new, new.target is set to undefined.
new.target comes in handy when Object.setPrototypeOf or __proto__ needs to be set in a class constructor. One such use case is inheriting from Error in NodeJS v4 and higher.
Example
ts
This results in the generated JS
js
new.target also comes in handy for writing constructable functions, for example:
ts
Which translates to:
js
Better checking for null/undefined in operands of expressions
TypeScript 2.2 improves checking of nullable operands in expressions. Specifically, these are now flagged as errors:
- If either operand of a
+operator is nullable, and neither operand is of typeanyorstring. - If either operand of a
-,*,**,/,%,<<,>>,>>>,&,|, or^operator is nullable. - If either operand of a
<,>,<=,>=, orinoperator is nullable. - If the right operand of an
instanceofoperator is nullable. - If the operand of a
+,-,~,++, or--unary operator is nullable.
An operand is considered nullable if the type of the operand is null or undefined or a union type that includes null or undefined. Note that the union type case only only occurs in strictNullChecks mode because null and undefined disappear from unions in classic type checking mode.
Dotted property for types with string index signatures
Types with a string index signature can be indexed using the [] notation, but were not allowed to use the .. Starting with TypeScript 2.2 using either should be allowed.
ts
This only apply to types with an explicit string index signature. It is still an error to access unknown properties on a type using . notation.
Support for spread operator on JSX element children
TypeScript 2.2 adds support for using spread on a JSX element children. Please see facebook/jsx#57 for more details.
Example
ts
New jsx: react-native
React-native build pipeline expects all files to have a .js extensions even if the file contains JSX syntax. The new jsx value react-native will persevere the JSX syntax in the output file, but give it a .js extension.
TypeScript 2.1
keyof and Lookup Types
In JavaScript it is fairly common to have APIs that expect property names as parameters, but so far it hasn’t been possible to express the type relationships that occur in those APIs.
Enter Index Type Query or keyof;
An indexed type query keyof T yields the type of permitted property names for T.
A keyof T type is considered a subtype of string.
Example
ts
The dual of this is indexed access types, also called lookup types. Syntactically, they look exactly like an element access, but are written as types:
Example
ts
You can use this pattern with other parts of the type system to get type-safe lookups.
ts
Mapped Types
One common task is to take an existing type and make each of its properties entirely optional. Let’s say we have a `Person:
ts
A partial version of it would be:
ts
with Mapped types, PartialPerson can be written as a generalized transformation on the type Person as:
ts
Mapped types are produced by taking a union of literal types, and computing a set of properties for a new object type. They’re like list comprehensions in Python, but instead of producing new elements in a list, they produce new properties in a type.
In addition to Partial, Mapped Types can express many useful transformations on types:
ts
Partial, Readonly, Record, and Pick
Partial and Readonly, as described earlier, are very useful constructs.
You can use them to describe some common JS routines like:
ts
Because of that, they are now included by default in the standard library.
We’re also including two other utility types as well: Record and Pick.
ts
ts
Object Spread and Rest
TypeScript 2.1 brings support for ES2017 Spread and Rest.
Similar to array spread, spreading an object can be handy to get a shallow copy:
ts
Similarly, you can merge several different objects.
In the following example, merged will have properties from foo, bar, and baz.
ts
You can also override existing properties and add new ones:
ts
The order of specifying spread operations determines what properties end up in the resulting object; properties in later spreads “win out” over previously created properties.
Object rests are the dual of object spreads, in that they can extract any extra properties that don’t get picked up when destructuring an element:
ts
Downlevel Async Functions
This feature was supported before TypeScript 2.1, but only when targeting ES6/ES2015. TypeScript 2.1 brings the capability to ES3 and ES5 run-times, meaning you’ll be free to take advantage of it no matter what environment you’re using.
Note: first, we need to make sure our run-time has an ECMAScript-compliant
Promiseavailable globally. That might involve grabbing a polyfill forPromise, or relying on one that you might have in the run-time that you’re targeting. We also need to make sure that TypeScript knowsPromiseexists by setting yourliboption to something like"dom", "es2015"or"dom", "es2015.promise", "es5"
Example
tsconfig.json
dramaticWelcome.ts
ts
Compiling and running the output should result in the correct behavior on an ES3/ES5 engine.
Support for external helpers library (tslib)
TypeScript injects a handful of helper functions such as __extends for inheritance, __assign for spread operator in object literals and JSX elements, and __awaiter for async functions.
Previously there were two options:
- inject helpers in every file that needs them, or
- no helpers at all with
noEmitHelpers.
The two options left more to be desired; bundling the helpers in every file was a pain point for customers trying to keep their package size small. And not including helpers, meant customers had to maintain their own helpers library.
TypeScript 2.1 allows for including these files in your project once in a separate module, and the compiler will emit imports to them as needed.
First, install the tslib utility library:
sh
Second, compile your files using importHelpers:
sh
So given the following input, the resulting .js file will include an import to tslib and use the __assign helper from it instead of inlining it.
ts
js
Untyped imports
TypeScript has traditionally been overly strict about how you can import modules. This was to avoid typos and prevent users from using modules incorrectly.
However, a lot of the time, you might just want to import an existing module that may not have its own .d.ts file.
Previously this was an error.
Starting with TypeScript 2.1 this is now much easier.
With TypeScript 2.1, you can import a JavaScript module without needing a type declaration.
A type declaration (such as declare module "foo" { ... } or node_modules/@types/foo) still takes priority if it exists.
An import to a module with no declaration file will still be flagged as an error under noImplicitAny.
Example
ts
Support for --target ES2016, --target ES2017 and --target ESNext
TypeScript 2.1 supports three new target values --target ES2016, --target ES2017 and --target ESNext.
Using target --target ES2016 will instruct the compiler not to transform ES2016-specific features, e.g. ** operator.
Similarly, --target ES2017 will instruct the compiler not to transform ES2017-specific features like async/await.
--target ESNext targets latest supported ES proposed features.
Improved any Inference
Previously, if TypeScript couldn’t figure out the type of a variable, it would choose the any type.
ts
With TypeScript 2.1, instead of just choosing any, TypeScript will infer types based on what you end up assigning later on.
This is only enabled if noImplicitAny is set.
Example
ts
The same sort of tracking is now also done for empty arrays.
A variable declared with no type annotation and an initial value of [] is considered an implicit any[] variable.
However, each subsequent x.push(value), x.unshift(value) or x[n] = value operation evolves the type of the variable in accordance with what elements are added to it.
ts
Implicit any errors
One great benefit of this is that you’ll see way fewer implicit any errors when running with noImplicitAny.
Implicit any errors are only reported when the compiler is unable to know the type of a variable without a type annotation.
Example
ts
Better inference for literal types
String, numeric and boolean literal types (e.g. "abc", 1, and true) were previously inferred only in the presence of an explicit type annotation.
Starting with TypeScript 2.1, literal types are always inferred for const variables and readonly properties.
The type inferred for a const variable or readonly property without a type annotation is the type of the literal initializer.
The type inferred for a let variable, var variable, parameter, or non-readonly property with an initializer and no type annotation is the widened literal type of the initializer.
Where the widened type for a string literal type is string, number for numeric literal types, boolean for true or false and the containing enum for enum literal types.
Example
ts
Literal type widening can be controlled through explicit type annotations.
Specifically, when an expression of a literal type is inferred for a const location without a type annotation, that const variable gets a widening literal type inferred.
But when a const location has an explicit literal type annotation, the const variable gets a non-widening literal type.
Example
ts
Use returned values from super calls as ‘this’
In ES2015, constructors which return an object implicitly substitute the value of this for any callers of super().
As a result, it is necessary to capture any potential return value of super() and replace it with this.
This change enables working with Custom Elements, which takes advantage of this to initialize browser-allocated elements with user-written constructors.
Example
ts
Generates:
js
This change entails a break in the behavior of extending built-in classes like
Error,Array,Map, etc.. Please see the extending built-ins breaking change documentation for more details.
Configuration inheritance
Often a project has multiple output targets, e.g. ES5 and ES2015, debug and production or CommonJS and System;
Just a few configuration options change between these two targets, and maintaining multiple tsconfig.json files can be a hassle.
TypeScript 2.1 supports inheriting configuration using extends, where:
extendsis a new top-level property intsconfig.json(alongsidecompilerOptions,files,include, andexclude).- The value of
extendsmust be a string containing a path to another configuration file to inherit from. - The configuration from the base file are loaded first, then overridden by those in the inheriting config file.
- Circularity between configuration files is not allowed.
files,includeandexcludefrom the inheriting config file overwrite those from the base config file.- All relative paths found in the configuration file will be resolved relative to the configuration file they originated in.
Example
configs/base.json:
tsconfig.json:
tsconfig.nostrictnull.json:
New --alwaysStrict
Invoking the compiler with alwaysStrict causes:
- Parses all the code in strict mode.
- Writes
"use strict";directive atop every generated file.
Modules are parsed automatically in strict mode. The new flag is recommended for non-module code.
TypeScript 2.0
Null- and undefined-aware types
TypeScript has two special types, Null and Undefined, that have the values null and undefined respectively.
Previously it was not possible to explicitly name these types, but null and undefined may now be used as type names regardless of type checking mode.
The type checker previously considered null and undefined assignable to anything.
Effectively, null and undefined were valid values of every type and it wasn’t possible to specifically exclude them (and therefore not possible to detect erroneous use of them).
--strictNullChecks
strictNullChecks switches to a new strict null checking mode.
In strict null checking mode, the null and undefined values are not in the domain of every type and are only assignable to themselves and any (the one exception being that undefined is also assignable to void).
So, whereas T and T | undefined are considered synonymous in regular type checking mode (because undefined is considered a subtype of any T), they are different types in strict type checking mode, and only T | undefined permits undefined values. The same is true for the relationship of T to T | null.
Example
ts
Assigned-before-use checking
In strict null checking mode the compiler requires every reference to a local variable of a type that doesn’t include undefined to be preceded by an assignment to that variable in every possible preceding code path.
Example
ts
The compiler checks that variables are definitely assigned by performing control flow based type analysis. See later for further details on this topic.
Optional parameters and properties
Optional parameters and properties automatically have undefined added to their types, even when their type annotations don’t specifically include undefined.
For example, the following two types are identical:
ts
Non-null and non-undefined type guards
A property access or a function call produces a compile-time error if the object or function is of a type that includes null or undefined.
However, type guards are extended to support non-null and non-undefined checks.
Example
ts
Non-null and non-undefined type guards may use the ==, !=, ===, or !== operator to compare to null or undefined, as in x != null or x === undefined.
The effects on subject variable types accurately reflect JavaScript semantics (e.g. double-equals operators check for both values no matter which one is specified whereas triple-equals only checks for the specified value).
Dotted names in type guards
Type guards previously only supported checking local variables and parameters. Type guards now support checking “dotted names” consisting of a variable or parameter name followed one or more property accesses.
Example
ts
Type guards for dotted names also work with user defined type guard functions and the typeof and instanceof operators and do not depend on the strictNullChecks compiler option.
A type guard for a dotted name has no effect following an assignment to any part of the dotted name.
For example, a type guard for x.y.z will have no effect following an assignment to x, x.y, or x.y.z.
Expression operators
Expression operators permit operand types to include null and/or undefined but always produce values of non-null and non-undefined types.
ts
The && operator adds null and/or undefined to the type of the right operand depending on which are present in the type of the left operand, and the || operator removes both null and undefined from the type of the left operand in the resulting union type.
ts
Type widening
The null and undefined types are not widened to any in strict null checking mode.
ts
In regular type checking mode the inferred type of z is any because of widening, but in strict null checking mode the inferred type of z is null (and therefore, absent a type annotation, null is the only possible value for z).
Non-null assertion operator
A new ! post-fix expression operator may be used to assert that its operand is non-null and non-undefined in contexts where the type checker is unable to conclude that fact.
Specifically, the operation x! produces a value of the type of x with null and undefined excluded.
Similar to type assertions of the forms <T>x and x as T, the ! non-null assertion operator is simply removed in the emitted JavaScript code.
ts
Compatibility
The new features are designed such that they can be used in both strict null checking mode and regular type checking mode.
In particular, the null and undefined types are automatically erased from union types in regular type checking mode (because they are subtypes of all other types), and the ! non-null assertion expression operator is permitted but has no effect in regular type checking mode. Thus, declaration files that are updated to use null- and undefined-aware types can still be used in regular type checking mode for backwards compatibility.
In practical terms, strict null checking mode requires that all files in a compilation are null- and undefined-aware.
Control flow based type analysis
TypeScript 2.0 implements a control flow-based type analysis for local variables and parameters.
Previously, the type analysis performed for type guards was limited to if statements and ?: conditional expressions and didn’t include effects of assignments and control flow constructs such as return and break statements.
With TypeScript 2.0, the type checker analyzes all possible flows of control in statements and expressions to produce the most specific type possible (the narrowed type) at any given location for a local variable or parameter that is declared to have a union type.
Example
ts
Control flow based type analysis is particuarly relevant in strictNullChecks mode because nullable types are represented using union types:
ts
Furthermore, in strictNullChecks mode, control flow based type analysis includes definite assignment analysis for local variables of types that don’t permit the value undefined.
ts
Tagged union types
TypeScript 2.0 implements support for tagged (or discriminated) union types.
Specifically, the TS compiler now support type guards that narrow union types based on tests of a discriminant property and furthermore extend that capability to switch statements.
Example
ts
A discriminant property type guard is an expression of the form x.p == v, x.p === v, x.p != v, or x.p !== v, where p and v are a property and an expression of a string literal type or a union of string literal types.
The discriminant property type guard narrows the type of x to those constituent types of x that have a discriminant property p with one of the possible values of v.
Note that we currently only support discriminant properties of string literal types. We intend to later add support for boolean and numeric literal types.
The never type
TypeScript 2.0 introduces a new primitive type never.
The never type represents the type of values that never occur.
Specifically, never is the return type for functions that never return and never is the type of variables under type guards that are never true.
The never type has the following characteristics:
neveris a subtype of and assignable to every type.- No type is a subtype of or assignable to
never(exceptneveritself). - In a function expression or arrow function with no return type annotation, if the function has no
returnstatements, or onlyreturnstatements with expressions of typenever, and if the end point of the function is not reachable (as determined by control flow analysis), the inferred return type for the function isnever. - In a function with an explicit
neverreturn type annotation, allreturnstatements (if any) must have expressions of typeneverand the end point of the function must not be reachable.
Because never is a subtype of every type, it is always omitted from union types and it is ignored in function return type inference as long as there are other types being returned.
Some examples of functions returning never:
ts
Some examples of use of functions returning never:
ts
Because never is assignable to every type, a function returning never can be used when a callback returning a more specific type is required:
ts
Read-only properties and index signatures
A property or index signature can now be declared with the readonly modifier is considered read-only.
Read-only properties may have initializers and may be assigned to in constructors within the same class declaration, but otherwise assignments to read-only properties are disallowed.
In addition, entities are implicitly read-only in several situations:
- A property declared with a
getaccessor and nosetaccessor is considered read-only. - In the type of an enum object, enum members are considered read-only properties.
- In the type of a module object, exported
constvariables are considered read-only properties. - An entity declared in an
importstatement is considered read-only. - An entity accessed through an ES2015 namespace import is considered read-only (e.g.
foo.xis read-only whenfoois declared asimport * as foo from "foo").
Example
ts
ts
ts
Specifying the type of this for functions
Following up on specifying the type of this in a class or an interface, functions and methods can now declare the type of this they expect.
By default the type of this inside a function is any.
Starting with TypeScript 2.0, you can provide an explicit this parameter.
this parameters are fake parameters that come first in the parameter list of a function:
ts
this parameters in callbacks
Libraries can also use this parameters to declare how callbacks will be invoked.
Example
ts
this: void means that addClickListener expects onclick to be a function that does not require a this type.
Now if you annotate calling code with this:
ts
--noImplicitThis
A new flag is also added in TypeScript 2.0 to flag all uses of this in functions without an explicit type annotation.
Glob support in tsconfig.json
Glob support is here!! Glob support has been one of the most requested features.
Glob-like file patterns are supported two properties include and exclude.
Example
The supported glob wildcards are:
*matches zero or more characters (excluding directory separators)?matches any one character (excluding directory separators)**/recursively matches any subdirectory
If a segment of a glob pattern includes only * or .*, then only files with supported extensions are included (e.g. .ts, .tsx, and .d.ts by default with .js and .jsx if allowJs is set to true).
If the files and include are both left unspecified, the compiler defaults to including all TypeScript (.ts, .d.ts and .tsx) files in the containing directory and subdirectories except those excluded using the exclude property. JS files (.js and .jsx) are also included if allowJs is set to true.
If the files or include properties are specified, the compiler will instead include the union of the files included by those two properties.
Files in the directory specified using the outDir compiler option are always excluded unless explicitly included via the files property (even when the exclude property is specified).
Files included using include can be filtered using the exclude property.
However, files included explicitly using the files property are always included regardless of exclude.
The exclude property defaults to excluding the node_modules, bower_components, and jspm_packages directories when not specified.
Module resolution enhancements: BaseUrl, Path mapping, rootDirs and tracing
TypeScript 2.0 provides a set of additional module resolution knops to inform the compiler where to find declarations for a given module.
See Module Resolution documentation for more details.
Base URL
Using a baseUrl is a common practice in applications using AMD module loaders where modules are “deployed” to a single folder at run-time.
All module imports with non-relative names are assumed to be relative to the baseUrl.
Example
Now imports to "moduleA" would be looked up in ./modules/moduleA
ts
Path mapping
Sometimes modules are not directly located under baseUrl. Loaders use a mapping configuration to map module names to files at run-time, see RequireJs documentation and SystemJS documentation.
The TypeScript compiler supports the declaration of such mappings using paths property in tsconfig.json files.
Example
For instance, an import to a module "jquery" would be translated at runtime to "node_modules/jquery/dist/jquery.slim.min.js".
Using paths also allow for more sophisticated mappings including multiple fall back locations.
Consider a project configuration where only some modules are available in one location, and the rest are in another.
Virtual Directories with rootDirs
Using ‘rootDirs’, you can inform the compiler of the roots making up this “virtual” directory; and thus the compiler can resolve relative modules imports within these “virtual” directories as if they were merged together in one directory.
Example
Given this project structure:
src └── views └── view1.ts (imports './template1') └── view2.ts generated └── templates └── views └── template1.ts (imports './view2')
A build step will copy the files in /src/views and /generated/templates/views to the same directory in the output.
At run-time, a view can expect its template to exist next to it, and thus should import it using a relative name as "./template".
rootDirs specify a list of roots whose contents are expected to merge at run-time.
So following our example, the tsconfig.json file should look like:
Tracing module resolution
traceResolution offers a handy way to understand how modules have been resolved by the compiler.
shell
Shorthand ambient module declarations
If you don’t want to take the time to write out declarations before using a new module, you can now just use a shorthand declaration to get started quickly.
declarations.d.ts
ts
All imports from a shorthand module will have the any type.
ts
Wildcard character in module names
Importing none-code resources using module loaders extension (e.g. AMD or SystemJS) has not been easy before; previously an ambient module declaration had to be defined for each resource.
TypeScript 2.0 supports the use of the wildcard character (*) to declare a “family” of module names;
this way, a declaration is only required once for an extension, and not for every resource.
Example
ts
Now you can import things that match "*!text" or "json!*".
ts
Wildcard module names can be even more useful when migrating from an un-typed code base.
Combined with Shorthand ambient module declarations, a set of modules can be easily declared as any.
Example
ts
All imports to any module under myLibrary would be considered to have the type any by the compiler;
thus, shutting down any checking on the shapes or types of these modules.
ts
Support for UMD module definitions
Some libraries are designed to be used in many module loaders, or with no module loading (global variables). These are known as UMD or Isomorphic modules. These libraries can be accessed through either an import or a global variable.
For example:
math-lib.d.ts
ts
The library can then be used as an import within modules:
ts
It can also be used as a global variable, but only inside of a script. (A script is a file with no imports or exports.)
ts
Optional class properties
Optional properties and methods can now be declared in classes, similar to what is already permitted in interfaces.
Example
ts
When compiled in strictNullChecks mode, optional properties and methods automatically have undefined included in their type. Thus, the b property above is of type number | undefined and the g method above is of type (() => number) | undefined.
Type guards can be used to strip away the undefined part of the type:
ts
Private and Protected Constructors
A class constructor may be marked private or protected.
A class with private constructor cannot be instantiated outside the class body, and cannot be extended.
A class with protected constructor cannot be instantiated outside the class body, but can be extended.
Example
ts
Abstract properties and accessors
An abstract class can declare abstract properties and/or accessors. Any sub class will need to declare the abstract properties or be marked as abstract. Abstract properties cannot have an initializer. Abstract accessors cannot have bodies.
Example
ts
Implicit index signatures
An object literal type is now assignable to a type with an index signature if all known properties in the object literal are assignable to that index signature. This makes it possible to pass a variable that was initialized with an object literal as parameter to a function that expects a map or dictionary:
ts
Including built-in type declarations with --lib
Getting to ES6/ES2015 built-in API declarations were only limited to target: ES6.
Enter lib; with lib you can specify a list of built-in API declaration groups that you can chose to include in your project.
For instance, if you expect your runtime to have support for Map, Set and Promise (e.g. most evergreen browsers today), just include --lib es2015.collection,es2015.promise.
Similarly you can exclude declarations you do not want to include in your project, e.g. DOM if you are working on a node project using --lib es5,es6.
Here is a list of available API groups:
- dom
- webworker
- es5
- es6 / es2015
- es2015.core
- es2015.collection
- es2015.iterable
- es2015.promise
- es2015.proxy
- es2015.reflect
- es2015.generator
- es2015.symbol
- es2015.symbol.wellknown
- es2016
- es2016.array.include
- es2017
- es2017.object
- es2017.sharedmemory
- scripthost
Example
bash
Flag unused declarations with --noUnusedParameters and --noUnusedLocals
TypeScript 2.0 has two new flags to help you maintain a clean code base.
noUnusedParameters flags any unused function or method parameters errors.
noUnusedLocals flags any unused local (un-exported) declaration like variables, functions, classes, imports, etc…
Also, unused private members of a class would be flagged as errors under noUnusedLocals.
Example
ts
Parameters declaration with names starting with _ are exempt from the unused parameter checking.
e.g.:
ts
Module identifiers allow for .js extension
Before TypeScript 2.0, a module identifier was always assumed to be extension-less;
for instance, given an import as import d from "./moduleA.js", the compiler looked up the definition of "moduleA.js" in ./moduleA.js.ts or ./moduleA.js.d.ts.
This made it hard to use bundling/loading tools like SystemJS that expect URI’s in their module identifier.
With TypeScript 2.0, the compiler will look up definition of "moduleA.js" in ./moduleA.ts or ./moduleA.d.ts.
Support ‘target : es5’ with ‘module: es6’
Previously flagged as an invalid flag combination, target: es5 and ‘module: es6’ is now supported.
This should facilitate using ES2015-based tree shakers like rollup.
Trailing commas in function parameter and argument lists
Trailing comma in function parameter and argument lists are now allowed. This is an implementation for a Stage-3 ECMAScript proposal that emits down to valid ES3/ES5/ES6.
Example
ts
New --skipLibCheck
TypeScript 2.0 adds a new skipLibCheck compiler option that causes type checking of declaration files (files with extension .d.ts) to be skipped.
When a program includes large declaration files, the compiler spends a lot of time type checking declarations that are already known to not contain errors, and compile times may be significantly shortened by skipping declaration file type checks.
Since declarations in one file can affect type checking in other files, some errors may not be detected when skipLibCheck is specified.
For example, if a non-declaration file augments a type declared in a declaration file, errors may result that are only reported when the declaration file is checked.
However, in practice such situations are rare.
Allow duplicate identifiers across declarations
This has been one common source of duplicate definition errors. Multiple declaration files defining the same members on interfaces.
TypeScript 2.0 relaxes this constraint and allows duplicate identifiers across blocks, as long as they have identical types.
Within the same block duplicate definitions are still disallowed.
Example
ts
New --declarationDir
declarationDir allows for generating declaration files in a different location than JavaScript files.
TypeScript 1.8
Type parameters as constraints
With TypeScript 1.8 it becomes possible for a type parameter constraint to reference type parameters from the same type parameter list. Previously this was an error. This capability is usually referred to as F-Bounded Polymorphism.
Example
ts
Control flow analysis errors
TypeScript 1.8 introduces control flow analysis to help catch common errors that users tend to run into. Read on to get more details, and check out these errors in action:
Unreachable code
Statements guaranteed to not be executed at run time are now correctly flagged as unreachable code errors. For instance, statements following unconditional return, throw, break or continue statements are considered unreachable. Use allowUnreachableCode to disable unreachable code detection and reporting.
Example
Here’s a simple example of an unreachable code error:
ts
A more common error that this feature catches is adding a newline after a return statement:
ts
Since JavaScript automatically terminates the return statement at the end of the line, the object literal becomes a block.
Unused labels
Unused labels are also flagged. Just like unreachable code checks, these are turned on by default; use allowUnusedLabels to stop reporting these errors.
Example
ts
Implicit returns
Functions with code paths that do not return a value in JS implicitly return undefined. These can now be flagged by the compiler as implicit returns. The check is turned off by default; use noImplicitReturns to turn it on.
Example
ts
Case clause fall-throughs
TypeScript can reports errors for fall-through cases in switch statement where the case clause is non-empty.
This check is turned off by default, and can be enabled using noFallthroughCasesInSwitch.
Example
With noFallthroughCasesInSwitch, this example will trigger an error:
ts
However, in the following example, no error will be reported because the fall-through case is empty:
ts
Stateless Function Components in React
TypeScript now supports Stateless Function components. These are lightweight components that easily compose other components:
ts
For this feature and simplified props, be sure to be use the latest version of react.d.ts.
Simplified props type management in React
In TypeScript 1.8 with the latest version of react.d.ts (see above), we’ve also greatly simplified the declaration of props types.
Specifically:
- You no longer need to either explicitly declare
refandkeyorextend React.Props - The
refandkeyproperties will appear with correct types on all components - The
refproperty is correctly disallowed on instances of Stateless Function components
Augmenting global/module scope from modules
Users can now declare any augmentations that they want to make, or that any other consumers already have made, to an existing module.
Module augmentations look like plain old ambient module declarations (i.e. the declare module "foo" { } syntax), and are directly nested either your own modules, or in another top level ambient external module.
Furthermore, TypeScript also has the notion of global augmentations of the form declare global { }.
This allows modules to augment global types such as Array if necessary.
The name of a module augmentation is resolved using the same set of rules as module specifiers in import and export declarations.
The declarations in a module augmentation are merged with any existing declarations the same way they would if they were declared in the same file.
Neither module augmentations nor global augmentations can add new items to the top level scope - they can only “patch” existing declarations.
Example
Here map.ts can declare that it will internally patch the Observable type from observable.ts and add the map method to it.
ts
ts
ts
Similarly, the global scope can be augmented from modules using a declare global declarations:
Example
ts
String literal types
It’s not uncommon for an API to expect a specific set of strings for certain values. For instance, consider a UI library that can move elements across the screen while controlling the “easing” of the animation.
ts
However, this is error prone - there is nothing stopping a user from accidentally misspelling one of the valid easing values:
ts
With TypeScript 1.8, we’ve introduced string literal types. These types are written the same way string literals are, but in type positions.
Users can now ensure that the type system will catch such errors.
Here’s our new AnimationOptions using string literal types:
ts
Improved union/intersection type inference
TypeScript 1.8 improves type inference involving source and target sides that are both union or intersection types.
For example, when inferring from string | string[] to string | T, we reduce the types to string[] and T, thus inferring string[] for T.
Example
ts
Concatenate AMD and System modules with --outFile
Specifying outFile in conjunction with --module amd or --module system will concatenate all modules in the compilation into a single output file containing multiple module closures.
A module name will be computed for each module based on its relative location to rootDir.
Example
ts
ts
Results in:
js
Support for default import interop with SystemJS
Module loaders like SystemJS wrap CommonJS modules and expose then as a default ES6 import. This makes it impossible to share the definition files between the SystemJS and CommonJS implementation of the module as the module shape looks different based on the loader.
Setting the new compiler flag allowSyntheticDefaultImports indicates that the module loader performs some kind of synthetic default import member creation not indicated in the imported .ts or .d.ts. The compiler will infer the existence of a default export that has the shape of the entire module itself.
System modules have this flag on by default.
Allow captured let/const in loops
Previously an error, now supported in TypeScript 1.8.
let/const declarations within loops and captured in functions are now emitted to correctly match let/const freshness semantics.
Example
ts
is compiled to:
js
And results in
cmd
Improved checking for for..in statements
Previously the type of a for..in variable is inferred to any; that allowed the compiler to ignore invalid uses within the for..in body.
Starting with TypeScript 1.8,:
- The type of a variable declared in a
for..instatement is implicitlystring. - When an object with a numeric index signature of type
T(such as an array) is indexed by afor..invariable of a containingfor..instatement for an object with a numeric index signature and without a string index signature (again such as an array), the value produced is of typeT.
Example
ts
Modules are now emitted with a "use strict"; prologue
Modules were always parsed in strict mode as per ES6, but for non-ES6 targets this was not respected in the generated code. Starting with TypeScript 1.8, emitted modules are always in strict mode. This shouldn’t have any visible changes in most code as TS considers most strict mode errors as errors at compile time, but it means that some things which used to silently fail at runtime in your TS code, like assigning to NaN, will now loudly fail. You can reference the MDN Article on strict mode for a detailed list of the differences between strict mode and non-strict mode.
Including .js files with --allowJs
Often there are external source files in your project that may not be authored in TypeScript. Alternatively, you might be in the middle of converting a JS code base into TS, but still want to bundle all your JS code into a single file with the output of your new TS code.
.js files are now allowed as input to tsc.
The TypeScript compiler checks the input .js files for syntax errors, and emits valid output based on the target and module flags.
The output can be combined with other .ts files as well.
Source maps are still generated for .js files just like with .ts files.
Custom JSX factories using --reactNamespace
Passing --reactNamespace <JSX factory Name> along with --jsx react allows for using a different JSX factory from the default React.
The new factory name will be used to call createElement and __spread functions.
Example
ts
Compiled with:
shell
Results in:
js
this-based type guards
TypeScript 1.8 extends user-defined type guard functions to class and interface methods.
this is T is now valid return type annotation for methods in classes and interfaces.
When used in a type narrowing position (e.g. if statement), the type of the call expression target object would be narrowed to T.
Example
ts
Official TypeScript NuGet package
Starting with TypeScript 1.8, official NuGet packages are available for the TypeScript Compiler (tsc.exe) as well as the MSBuild integration (Microsoft.TypeScript.targets and Microsoft.TypeScript.Tasks.dll).
Stable packages are available here:
Also, a nightly NuGet package to match the nightly npm package is available on https://myget.org:
Prettier error messages from tsc
We understand that a ton of monochrome output can be a little difficult on the eyes. Colors can help discern where a message starts and ends, and these visual clues are important when error output gets overwhelming.
By just passing the pretty command line option, TypeScript gives more colorful output with context about where things are going wrong.
Colorization of JSX code in VS 2015
With TypeScript 1.8, JSX tags are now classified and colorized in Visual Studio 2015.
The classification can be further customized by changing the font and color settings for the VB XML color and font settings through Tools->Options->Environment->Fonts and Colors page.
The --project (-p) flag can now take any file path
The --project command line option originally could only take paths to a folder containing a tsconfig.json.
Given the different scenarios for build configurations, it made sense to allow --project to point to any other compatible JSON file.
For instance, a user might want to target ES2015 with CommonJS modules for Node 5, but ES5 with AMD modules for the browser.
With this new work, users can easily manage two separate build targets using tsc alone without having to perform hacky workarounds like placing tsconfig.json files in separate directories.
The old behavior still remains the same if given a directory - the compiler will try to find a file in the directory named tsconfig.json.
Allow comments in tsconfig.json
It’s always nice to be able to document your configuration!
tsconfig.json now accepts single and multi-line comments.
ts
Support output to IPC-driven files
TypeScript 1.8 allows users to use the outFile argument with special file system entities like named pipes, devices, etc.
As an example, on many Unix-like systems, the standard output stream is accessible by the file /dev/stdout.
shell
This can be used to pipe output between commands as well.
As an example, we can pipe our emitted JavaScript into a pretty printer like pretty-js:
shell
Improved support for tsconfig.json in Visual Studio 2015
TypeScript 1.8 allows tsconfig.json files in all project types.
This includes ASP.NET v4 projects, Console Application, and the Html Application with TypeScript project types.
Further, you are no longer limited to a single tsconfig.json file but can add multiple, and each will be built as part of the project.
This allows you to separate the configuration for different parts of your application without having to use multiple different projects.
We also disable the project properties page when you add a tsconfig.json file.
This means that all configuration changes have to be made in the tsconfig.json file itself.
A couple of limitations:
- If you add a
tsconfig.jsonfile, TypeScript files that are not considered part of that context are not compiled. - Apache Cordova Apps still have the existing limitation of a single
tsconfig.jsonfile, which must be in either the root or thescriptsfolder. - There is no template for
tsconfig.jsonin most project types.
TypeScript 1.7
async/await support in ES6 targets (Node v4+)
TypeScript now supports asynchronous functions for engines that have native support for ES6 generators, e.g. Node v4 and above.
Asynchronous functions are prefixed with the async keyword; await suspends the execution until an asynchronous function return promise is fulfilled and unwraps the value from the Promise returned.
Example
In the following example, each input element will be printed out one at a time with a 200ms delay:
ts
For more information see Async Functions blog post.
Support for --target ES6 with --module
TypeScript 1.7 adds ES6 to the list of options available for the module option and allows you to specify the module output when targeting ES6. This provides more flexibility to target exactly the features you want in specific runtimes.
Example
this-typing
It is a common pattern to return the current object (i.e. this) from a method to create fluent-style APIs.
For instance, consider the following BasicCalculator module:
ts
A user could express 2 * 5 + 1 as
ts
This often opens up very elegant ways of writing code; however, there was a problem for classes that wanted to extend from BasicCalculator.
Imagine a user wanted to start writing a ScientificCalculator:
ts
Because TypeScript used to infer the type BasicCalculator for each method in BasicCalculator that returned this, the type system would forget that it had ScientificCalculator whenever using a BasicCalculator method.
For instance:
ts
This is no longer the case - TypeScript now infers this to have a special type called this whenever inside an instance method of a class.
The this type is written as so, and basically means “the type of the left side of the dot in a method call”.
The this type is also useful with intersection types in describing libraries (e.g. Ember.js) that use mixin-style patterns to describe inheritance:
ts
ES7 exponentiation operator
TypeScript 1.7 supports upcoming ES7/ES2016 exponentiation operators: ** and **=. The operators will be transformed in the output to ES3/ES5 using Math.pow.
Example
ts
Will generate the following JavaScript output:
js
Improved checking for destructuring object literal
TypeScript 1.7 makes checking of destructuring patterns with an object literal or array literal initializers less rigid and more intuitive.
When an object literal is contextually typed by the implied type of an object binding pattern:
- Properties with default values in the object binding pattern become optional in the object literal.
- Properties in the object binding pattern that have no match in the object literal are required to have a default value in the object binding pattern and are automatically added to the object literal type.
- Properties in the object literal that have no match in the object binding pattern are an error.
When an array literal is contextually typed by the implied type of an array binding pattern:
- Elements in the array binding pattern that have no match in the array literal are required to have a default value in the array binding pattern and are automatically added to the array literal type.
Example
ts
Support for decorators when targeting ES3
Decorators are now allowed when targeting ES3. TypeScript 1.7 removes the ES5-specific use of reduceRight from the __decorate helper. The changes also inline calls to Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor and Object.defineProperty in a backwards-compatible fashion that allows for clean up of the emit for ES5 and later by removing various repetitive calls to the aforementioned Object methods.
TypeScript 1.6
JSX support
JSX is an embeddable XML-like syntax. It is meant to be transformed into valid JavaScript, but the semantics of that transformation are implementation-specific. JSX came to popularity with the React library but has since seen other applications. TypeScript 1.6 supports embedding, type checking, and optionally compiling JSX directly into JavaScript.
New .tsx file extension and as operator
TypeScript 1.6 introduces a new .tsx file extension. This extension does two things: it enables JSX inside of TypeScript files, and it makes the new as operator the default way to cast (removing any ambiguity between JSX expressions and the TypeScript prefix cast operator). For example:
ts
Using React
To use JSX-support with React you should use the React typings. These typings define the JSX namespace so that TypeScript can correctly check JSX expressions for React. For example:
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Using other JSX frameworks
JSX element names and properties are validated against the JSX namespace. Please see the JSX wiki page for defining the JSX namespace for your framework.
Output generation
TypeScript ships with two JSX modes: preserve and react.
- The
preservemode will keep JSX expressions as part of the output to be further consumed by another transform step. Additionally the output will have a.jsxfile extension. - The
reactmode will emitReact.createElement, does not need to go through a JSX transformation before use, and the output will have a.jsfile extension.
See the JSX wiki page for more information on using JSX in TypeScript.
Intersection types
TypeScript 1.6 introduces intersection types, the logical complement of union types. A union type A | B represents an entity that is either of type A or type B, whereas an intersection type A & B represents an entity that is both of type A and type B.
Example
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ts
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See issue #1256 for more information.
Local type declarations
Local class, interface, enum, and type alias declarations can now appear inside function declarations. Local types are block scoped, similar to variables declared with let and const. For example:
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The inferred return type of a function may be a type declared locally within the function. It is not possible for callers of the function to reference such a local type, but it can of course be matched structurally. For example:
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Local types may reference enclosing type parameters and local class and interfaces may themselves be generic. For example:
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Class expressions
TypeScript 1.6 adds support for ES6 class expressions. In a class expression, the class name is optional and, if specified, is only in scope in the class expression itself. This is similar to the optional name of a function expression. It is not possible to refer to the class instance type of a class expression outside the class expression, but the type can of course be matched structurally. For example:
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Extending expressions
TypeScript 1.6 adds support for classes extending arbitrary expression that computes a constructor function. This means that built-in types can now be extended in class declarations.
The extends clause of a class previously required a type reference to be specified. It now accepts an expression optionally followed by a type argument list. The type of the expression must be a constructor function type with at least one construct signature that has the same number of type parameters as the number of type arguments specified in the extends clause. The return type of the matching construct signature(s) is the base type from which the class instance type inherits. Effectively, this allows both real classes and “class-like” expressions to be specified in the extends clause.
Some examples:
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abstract classes and methods
TypeScript 1.6 adds support for abstract keyword for classes and their methods. An abstract class is allowed to have methods with no implementation, and cannot be constructed.
Examples
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Generic type aliases
With TypeScript 1.6, type aliases can be generic. For example:
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Stricter object literal assignment checks
TypeScript 1.6 enforces stricter object literal assignment checks for the purpose of catching excess or misspelled properties. Specifically, when a fresh object literal is assigned to a variable or passed as an argument for a non-empty target type, it is an error for the object literal to specify properties that don’t exist in the target type.
Examples
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A type can include an index signature to explicitly indicate that excess properties are permitted:
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ES6 generators
TypeScript 1.6 adds support for generators when targeting ES6.
A generator function can have a return type annotation, just like a function. The annotation represents the type of the generator returned by the function. Here is an example:
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A generator function with no type annotation can have the type annotation inferred. So in the following case, the type will be inferred from the yield statements:
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Experimental support for async functions
TypeScript 1.6 introduces experimental support of async functions when targeting ES6. Async functions are expected to invoke an asynchronous operation and await its result without blocking normal execution of the program. This accomplished through the use of an ES6-compatible Promise implementation, and transposition of the function body into a compatible form to resume execution when the awaited asynchronous operation completes.
An async function is a function or method that has been prefixed with the async modifier. This modifier informs the compiler that function body transposition is required, and that the keyword await should be treated as a unary expression instead of an identifier. An Async Function must provide a return type annotation that points to a compatible Promise type. Return type inference can only be used if there is a globally defined, compatible Promise type.
Example
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Nightly builds
While not strictly a language change, nightly builds are now available by installing with the following command:
npm install -g typescript@next
Adjustments in module resolution logic
Starting from release 1.6 TypeScript compiler will use different set of rules to resolve module names when targeting ‘commonjs’. These rules attempted to model module lookup procedure used by Node. This effectively mean that node modules can include information about its typings and TypeScript compiler will be able to find it. User however can override module resolution rules picked by the compiler by using moduleResolution command line option. Possible values are:
- ‘classic’ - module resolution rules used by pre 1.6 TypeScript compiler
- ‘node’ - node-like module resolution
Merging ambient class and interface declaration
The instance side of an ambient class declaration can be extended using an interface declaration The class constructor object is unmodified. For example:
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User-defined type guard functions
TypeScript 1.6 adds a new way to narrow a variable type inside an if block, in addition to typeof and instanceof. A user-defined type guard functions is one with a return type annotation of the form x is T, where x is a declared parameter in the signature, and T is any type. When a user-defined type guard function is invoked on a variable in an if block, the type of the variable will be narrowed to T.
Examples
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exclude property support in tsconfig.json
A tsconfig.json file that doesn’t specify a files property (and therefore implicitly references all *.ts files in all subdirectories) can now contain an exclude property that specifies a list of files and/or directories to exclude from the compilation. The exclude property must be an array of strings that each specify a file or folder name relative to the location of the tsconfig.json file. For example:
The exclude list does not support wilcards. It must simply be a list of files and/or directories.
--init command line option
Run tsc --init in a directory to create an initial tsconfig.json in this directory with preset defaults. Optionally pass command line arguments along with --init to be stored in your initial tsconfig.json on creation.
TypeScript 1.5
ES6 Modules
TypeScript 1.5 supports ECMAScript 6 (ES6) modules. ES6 modules are effectively TypeScript external modules with a new syntax: ES6 modules are separately loaded source files that possibly import other modules and provide a number of externally accessible exports. ES6 modules feature several new export and import declarations. It is recommended that TypeScript libraries and applications be updated to use the new syntax, but this is not a requirement. The new ES6 module syntax coexists with TypeScript’s original internal and external module constructs and the constructs can be mixed and matched at will.
Export Declarations
In addition to the existing TypeScript support for decorating declarations with export, module members can also be exported using separate export declarations, optionally specifying different names for exports using as clauses.
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Import declarations, as well, can optionally use as clauses to specify different local names for the imports. For example:
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As an alternative to individual imports, a namespace import can be used to import an entire module:
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Re-exporting
Using from clause a module can copy the exports of a given module to the current module without introducing local names.
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export * can be used to re-export all exports of another module. This is useful for creating modules that aggregate the exports of several other modules.
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Default Export
An export default declaration specifies an expression that becomes the default export of a module:
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Which in turn can be imported using default imports:
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Bare Import
A “bare import” can be used to import a module only for its side-effects.
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For more information about module, please see the ES6 module support spec.
Destructuring in declarations and assignments
TypeScript 1.5 adds support to ES6 destructuring declarations and assignments.
Declarations
A destructuring declaration introduces one or more named variables and initializes them with values extracted from properties of an object or elements of an array.
For example, the following sample declares variables x, y, and z, and initializes them to getSomeObject().x, getSomeObject().y and getSomeObject().z respectively:
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Destructuring declarations also works for extracting values from arrays:
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Similarly, destructuring can be used in function parameter declarations:
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Assignments
Destructuring patterns can also be used in regular assignment expressions. For instance, swapping two variables can be written as a single destructuring assignment:
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namespace keyword
TypeScript used the module keyword to define both “internal modules” and “external modules”; this has been a bit of confusion for developers new to TypeScript. “Internal modules” are closer to what most people would call a namespace; likewise, “external modules” in JS speak really just are modules now.
Note: Previous syntax defining internal modules are still supported.
Before:
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After:
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let and const support
ES6 let and const declarations are now supported when targeting ES3 and ES5.
Const
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Block scoped
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for..of support
TypeScript 1.5 adds support to ES6 for..of loops on arrays for ES3/ES5 as well as full support for Iterator interfaces when targetting ES6.
Example
The TypeScript compiler will transpile for..of arrays to idiomatic ES3/ES5 JavaScript when targeting those versions:
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will be emitted as:
js
Decorators
TypeScript decorators are based on the ES7 decorator proposal.
A decorator is:
- an expression
- that evaluates to a function
- that takes the target, name, and property descriptor as arguments
- and optionally returns a property descriptor to install on the target object
For more information, please see the Decorators proposal.
Example
Decorators readonly and enumerable(false) will be applied to the property method before it is installed on class C. This allows the decorator to change the implementation, and in this case, augment the descriptor to be writable: false and enumerable: false.
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Computed properties
Initializing an object with dynamic properties can be a bit of a burden. Take the following example:
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Here we need to create a variable to hold on to the neighbor-map so that we can initialize it. With TypeScript 1.5, we can let the compiler do the heavy lifting:
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Support for UMD and System module output
In addition to AMD and CommonJS module loaders, TypeScript now supports emitting modules UMD (Universal Module Definition) and System module formats.
Usage:
tsc —module umd
and
tsc —module system
Unicode codepoint escapes in strings
ES6 introduces escapes that allow users to represent a Unicode codepoint using just a single escape.
As an example, consider the need to escape a string that contains the character ’𠮷‘. In UTF-16/UCS2, ’𠮷’ is represented as a surrogate pair, meaning that it’s encoded using a pair of 16-bit code units of values, specifically 0xD842 and 0xDFB7. Previously this meant that you’d have to escape the codepoint as "\uD842\uDFB7". This has the major downside that it’s difficult to discern two independent characters from a surrogate pair.
With ES6’s codepoint escapes, you can cleanly represent that exact character in strings and template strings with a single escape: "\u{20bb7}". TypeScript will emit the string in ES3/ES5 as "\uD842\uDFB7".
Tagged template strings in ES3/ES5
In TypeScript 1.4, we added support for template strings for all targets, and tagged templates for just ES6. Thanks to some considerable work done by @ivogabe, we bridged the gap for for tagged templates in ES3 and ES5.
When targeting ES3/ES5, the following code
ts
will be emitted as
js
AMD-dependency optional names
/// <amd-dependency path="x" /> informs the compiler about a non-TS module dependency that needs to be injected in the resulting module’s require call; however, there was no way to consume this module in the TS code.
The new amd-dependency name property allows passing an optional name for an amd-dependency:
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Generated JS code:
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Project support through tsconfig.json
Adding a tsconfig.json file in a directory indicates that the directory is the root of a TypeScript project. The tsconfig.json file specifies the root files and the compiler options required to compile the project. A project is compiled in one of the following ways:
- By invoking tsc with no input files, in which case the compiler searches for the tsconfig.json file starting in the current directory and continuing up the parent directory chain.
- By invoking tsc with no input files and a -project (or just -p) command line option that specifies the path of a directory containing a tsconfig.json file.
Example
See the tsconfig.json wiki page for more details.
--rootDir command line option
Option outDir duplicates the input hierarchy in the output. The compiler computes the root of the input files as the longest common path of all input files; and then uses that to replicate all its substructure in the output.
Sometimes this is not desirable, for instance inputs FolderA/FolderB/1.ts and FolderA/FolderB/2.ts would result in output structure mirroring FolderA/FolderB/. Now if a new file FolderA/3.ts is added to the input, the output structure will pop out to mirror FolderA/.
rootDir specifies the input directory to be mirrored in output instead of computing it.
--noEmitHelpers command line option
The TypeScript compiler emits a few helpers like __extends when needed. The helpers are emitted in every file they are referenced in. If you want to consolidate all helpers in one place, or override the default behavior, use noEmitHelpers to instructs the compiler not to emit them.
--newLine command line option
By default the output new line character is \r\n on Windows based systems and \n on *nix based systems. newLine command line flag allows overriding this behavior and specifying the new line character to be used in generated output files.
--inlineSourceMap and inlineSources command line options
inlineSourceMap causes source map files to be written inline in the generated .js files instead of in a independent .js.map file. inlineSources allows for additionally inlining the source .ts file into the
TypeScript 1.4
Union types
Overview
Union types are a powerful way to express a value that can be one of several types. For example, you might have an API for running a program that takes a commandline as either a string, a string[] or a function that returns a string. You can now write:
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Assignment to union types works very intuitively — anything you could assign to one of the union type’s members is assignable to the union:
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When reading from a union type, you can see any properties that are shared by them:
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Using Type Guards, you can easily work with a variable of a union type:
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Stricter Generics
With union types able to represent a wide range of type scenarios, we’ve decided to improve the strictness of certain generic calls. Previously, code like this would (surprisingly) compile without error:
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With union types, you can now specify the desired behavior at both the function declaration site and the call site:
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Better Type Inference
Union types also allow for better type inference in arrays and other places where you might have multiple kinds of values in a collection:
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let declarations
In JavaScript, var declarations are “hoisted” to the top of their enclosing scope. This can result in confusing bugs:
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The new ES6 keyword let, now supported in TypeScript, declares a variable with more intuitive “block” semantics. A let variable can only be referred to after its declaration, and is scoped to the syntactic block where it is defined:
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let is only available when targeting ECMAScript 6 (--target ES6).
const declarations
The other new ES6 declaration type supported in TypeScript is const. A const variable may not be assigned to, and must be initialized where it is declared. This is useful for declarations where you don’t want to change the value after its initialization:
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const is only available when targeting ECMAScript 6 (--target ES6).
Template strings
TypeScript now supports ES6 template strings. These are an easy way to embed arbitrary expressions in strings:
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When compiling to pre-ES6 targets, the string is decomposed:
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Type Guards
A common pattern in JavaScript is to use typeof or instanceof to examine the type of an expression at runtime. TypeScript now understands these conditions and will change type inference accordingly when used in an if block.
Using typeof to test a variable:
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Using typeof with union types and else:
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Using instanceof with classes and union types:
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Type Aliases
You can now define an alias for a type using the type keyword:
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Type aliases are exactly the same as their original types; they are simply alternative names.
const enum (completely inlined enums)
Enums are very useful, but some programs don’t actually need the generated code and would benefit from simply inlining all instances of enum members with their numeric equivalents. The new const enum declaration works just like a regular enum for type safety, but erases completely at compile time.
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Compiles to exactly:
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TypeScript will also now compute enum values when possible:
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-noEmitOnError commandline option
The default behavior for the TypeScript compiler is to still emit .js files if there were type errors (for example, an attempt to assign a string to a number). This can be undesirable on build servers or other scenarios where only output from a “clean” build is desired. The new flag noEmitOnError prevents the compiler from emitting .js code if there were any errors.
This is now the default for MSBuild projects; this allows MSBuild incremental build to work as expected, as outputs are only generated on clean builds.
AMD Module names
By default AMD modules are generated anonymous. This can lead to problems when other tools are used to process the resulting modules like a bundler (e.g. r.js).
The new amd-module name tag allows passing an optional module name to the compiler:
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Will result in assigning the name NamedModule to the module as part of calling the AMD define:
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TypeScript 1.3
Protected
The new protected modifier in classes works like it does in familiar languages like C++, C#, and Java. A protected member of a class is visible only inside subclasses of the class in which it is declared:
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Tuple types
Tuple types express an array where the type of certain elements is known, but need not be the same. For example, you may want to represent an array with a string at position 0 and a number at position 1:
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When accessing an element with a known index, the correct type is retrieved:
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Note that in TypeScript 1.4, when accessing an element outside the set of known indices, a union type is used instead:
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TypeScript 1.1
Performance Improvements
The 1.1 compiler is typically around 4x faster than any previous release. See this blog post for some impressive charts.
Better Module Visibility Rules
TypeScript now only strictly enforces the visibility of types in modules if the declaration flag is provided. This is very useful for Angular scenarios, for example:
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